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chemical messengers secreted by cells at one site to act on cells at another cite hormones the two systems that collaborate in hormones to maintain homeostasis nervous, endocrine the nervous system works___while the endocrine system works_____ fast, slow 3 functions of hormones regulate, integrate, morphogenisis function of hormones involving growth and sexual maturation morphogensis function of hormones involving salt and water metabolism regulate function of hormones that let body function as a whole, fight or flight integrate the action/effect of a hormone is dependent on the amount of hormone present few processes under hormone control are regulated by___ hormone one how does synthesis affect hormone number high or low levels of hormones being developed how does degradation affect hormone number rate hormones are degraded, half life etc ___feedback shutsdown movement negative ____feedback enhances movement positive ____are inactive when carried then activated on release carrier/binding proteins the____of target tissue affects the hormone reaction responsiveness diabetes where there is not enough insulin in the body Type 1 diabetes where the target site is unresponsive type 2 diabetes with normal or high insulin levels type 2 non insulin diabetes= type 2 insulin from the pancreas____gluclose levels decreases gluclose from the pancreas____ insulin levels increase male gonadal hormone responsible for male reproductive organs, body hair, bulk testosterone the more common type of feedback in hormones negative rare type of feedback in hormones positive hormone feedback involved in the birthing process positive hormone a is released and stimulates hormone b that shutsdown hormone a= negative feedback hormone a goes to hormone b and enhances hormone a= positive feedback ____is involved in the stiumlation of uterine contractions in the birth process oxytocin if the pituary gland is putting out too much hormones = hypergonadotropic when the gonads are not responding and not putting out hormones you have= hypogonadism when there is a tumor at the gonads causing it to put out alot of hormones= hypergonadism when the pituary gland is shutdown and not putting out alot of hormone= hypogonatropic if there is a problem in a system____can help identify it feedback the____is the most important CNS portion of the endocrine system hypothalmus hormones can____the secretions of other hormones affect hypothalmus is located_____the thymus below location of the hypothalmus= base medial area of brain the hypothalmus has several ____involved with hormones nuclei functions of the hypothalmus regualator, sleep, eat, drink hypothalmus controls hormones in___different ways 3 hypothalmus controls hormones in___direct ways and ___indirect way 2 , 1 the indirect method that the hypothalmus controls hormones is through___ hypothyseal portal system the network of blood vessels from hypothalmus to pituary to carry releasing hormones hypothyseal portal system 3 ways the hypothalmus controls hormones secretion of regulatory hormones, direct connection, sympathetic output to adrenal medulla regulatory hormone aka releasing hormone in the hypothalmus control of the hormones in an indirect effect there is no direct contact between the hypothalmus and pituary hypothalmus contol of hormone where the flow to anterior lobe of pituary activates the release of hormones secretion of regularoty/releasing hormone hypothalmus control of hormone where ADH and oxytoxin are synthesized and travel down the axons and stored until summoned direct connection hypothalmus control of hormone where epinephrine and noepinenphrine are released sympathetic output to adrenal medulla adrenal medulla is responsible for releasing____and___ epinephrine, noepinephrine posterior pituary aka nervon hypophyses adrenal medulla is under____control sympathetic the adrenal cortex takes an indirect route requiring releasing hormone from the hypothalmus secretions run down from the hypothalmus to the pituary through the_____ infundium ____are released into the blood then travel down to their specific target sites releasing hormone ADH is made here supraoptic nuclei part of pituary gland comes from brain tissue specifically the diencephalon the part of the pituary coming from the brain tissue results from___growth while the part from the mouth is from____growth downward, upward the part of the pituary gland coming from the roof of this specific part of the mouth rathics pouch posterior lobe of the pituary gland is known as the neuro nerve aka neurohyphosis anterior lobe of pituary gland adenohyphosis neurohyphosis is home to the pars nervosa 2 portions of the anterior pituary/adenohyphosis pars distalis, pars intermedia larger part of the adenohyphosis with 7 hormones pars distalis more narrow part of adenoyphsis with only 1 hormone pars intermedia the 1 hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohyposis melanocyte stimulating hormone hormone important to animals in that it changes skin color melanocyte stimulating hormone direct outgrowth of the hypothalmus= pars nervosa the thyroid gland is____to the thyroid cartilage inferior the thyroid gland is located at the tracheal rings the thyroid gland is a____gland with a ___-shape bilobed butterfly the thryoid gland is connected at the center by isthmus 2 sets of cells in the thyroid gland follicle cells c cells follice cells produce thyroid hormone c cells synthesize calcitonin calcitonin inhibits___ pth-parathyroid hormone follicle cells store thyroglobin thyroglobin contains the amino acid tyrosine ___-attaches to iodine making thyroid hormone tyrosine 2 thyroid hormones produced thyroxine t4 triodothyronine t3 of the two thyroid hormones produced which makes up 90% thyroxine t4 absence of iodine in diet results in goiter enlargement t3 and t4 are involved with____feedback negative small secretion from hypothalmus with 3 amino acids and short half life TRH -Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone t3 and t4 travel through the___to reach their destination hypothyseal portal system disrupters such as cold temperature, stress and age can affect T3 and T4 levels bodies response to decreased t3 and t4 hypothalmus releases TRH which causes anterior lobe to release TSH which makes thyroid gland give off T3 and T4 restoring homeostasis t3 and t4 have important cellular metabolic function effects of response to t3 and t4 increase energy utilization oxygen consumption grown and development a short child who's growth has been stunted can assumedly have hypothyroidsm an adult that feels cold lethargic tired and sluggish may have hypothyroidsm a goiter is a sign of hyperthyroidism too much TRH causing the pituary to release too mcuh TSH can result in an increase in thyroid gland multiple glands on the back of the thyroid gland= parathyroid gland 2 types of parathyroid gland cells principal oxyphil principla cells of parathyroid gland aka chief principal or chief cells of parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone prevents calcium loss at the kidneys parathryoid hormone adrenal glands are located on top of_____ in___wall kidney, posterior wall adrenal gland components cortex-80%-outside medulla-20%-inside ____secretes mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids adrenal cortex 3 zones of the adreal cortex reticularis, glomerulosa, fasciculata smallest zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes androgen zona reticularis androgen is a male gonadal steriod zone of the adrenal cortex that secretes mineralcorticoids like aldosterone zona glomerulosa zone of the adrenal cortex involved in salt and water balance zona glomerulosa zone of adrenal cortex that secretes glucocorticoids zona fasciculata zone of adrenal cortex involved in stress response zona fasciculata glucocorticoids= cortisone adrenal medulla secretes noepinephrine and epinephrine what happens under stress glucocorticoids cause the hypothalmus to release CTH that makes pituary give of ACTH that causes the cortex's zona fasciculata to produce cortisol functions of cortisol negative feedback to shutdown itself supply gluclose to tissues as needed ACTH is very similiar to melanocyte stimulating hormone hyposecretion of glucocorticoids leads to what disease addisons disease disease with pigment change, weakness loss of energy and appetite addisons disease hypersecretion of glucocorticoids can lead to what disease cushings disease disease where adipose tissue builds up in face giving moon face cushings disease salt sodium water balance= mineralcorticoids stimulus that activates mineralcorticoids is volume depletion alot of bleeding, not drinking, hemorrgae= volume depletion volume depletion is monitored by juxtaglomuler cells of the kidney enzyem_____increases angiotension 1 renin ____from zona glomerlosa maintains salt and water balance aldosterone hypoaldosterone leads to excess water sodium loss and fall in blood pressure hyperaldosterone leads to potassium level decrease affect cardiac funtion high levels of epinephrine and noepinephrine lead to hypertension and irregualr heartbeat overactive adrenal medulla producing excess epinephrine and noepinephrine= pheocromocytoma organ with exocrine and endocrine functions pancreas exocrine functions of the pancreas release secretions through duct system endocrine functions of pancreas secretes into bloodstream duct that runs the entire length of the pancreas main pancreatic duct main pancreatic duct and bile duct meet and dump into second part of duodenum=major duodenum pailla head of the pancreas lodged in the____ duodenum gallbladder secretes bile through the____ common bile duct pancreatic cells alpha beta, f ,d pancreatic alpha cells produce glucagon pancreatic beta cells produce insulin pancreatic d cells produce somastatin when fasting____is high and____is low glucagon, insulin in eating____goes up and____goes down insulin, glucagon low gluclose levels stimulates___to produce____ alpha cells glucagon high levles of gluclose cause___to produce____ beta cells insulin glands farthest from brain gonadal male gonadal steriod testosterone female gonadal steriod estrogen progesterone gonad hormone released from the hypothalmus GNRH-Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone what does GNRH do causes pituary to release LH and FSH that lead to gonads producing steriod hormones steriod gonadal hormones are derived from cholesterol in the male brain testosterone is converted to estrodial the process in the male brain where testosterone is converted to estrodial= aromitization ____has the same affect as testosterone in male brain estrodial 2 stages of menstral cycle follicle, luteal follicle phase marks follicular development a released follicle= corpus luteum corpus luteum secretes progesterone chemical that primes the uterine lining for implantation progesterone if there is no implantation____occurs menstration menstration process FSH rises casing LH to secrete progesteone that has negative feedback that gets converted to positive feedback causing a surge in LH making a corpus lutem that secretes progesterone making a friendly lining abscence of normal period cycle in women= amenoria causes of amenoria too young too old pregnant when there is no implantation but breakdown of corpus luteum= luteolysis in successful implantation_____rescues the corpus luteum keeping it viable HCG- Human chorionic hormone Preganacy test are looking for the prescene of HCG- Human chorionic hormone ____is necessary to produce sperm testosterone secondary sex affects of testosterone muscles, hair, urogenital track if you ___a male or femal shortly after birth you can affect their sex castrate if this zone of the adrenal gland is overactive you can masculanize an individual zona reticularis found in anterior lobe of pituary gland involved in milk production prolactin prolactin works with ___cells lactotroph prolactin is controlled by dopamine decrease dopamine=_____prolactin increase in vitro FH,LSH, TSH all_____while prolactin_____ decreased, increase depleted dopamine= what disease parkinsons disease associated with addiction, gambling, etc parkinsons growth hormone has___releasing factors 2 2 releasing hormones of growth factor positive negative ___is important for growth and tissue repair growth hormone secretion that inhibits growth hormone= somatostatin secretion that stimulates growth hormone somatocrinin growth hormone aka somatotropin ___important for growth and tissue repair, growth hormone cosmetic component of growth hormone make child taller elderly have decreased____increasing their recovery time growth hormone females are shorter than males beacuse they start puberty earlier excessive growth hormone= very tall diminished growth hormone very short after puberty arms and legs seal off so the prescene of extra growth hormone results in acromegaly acromegaly results in bigger hands and face gland in brain that secretes melatonin pineal gland the pineal gland is____to hypothalmus and ____in the brain posterior; higher in brain cells in the pineal gland that secrete melatonin pinealocytes melatonin is derived from serotonin special pathway allowing photic stimulation to pineal gland retinohypothalamic tract involved in the transfer of stimulus to pineal gland suprachiasmatic nuclei of hypothalmus in the dark melatonin_____ increases mr pineal= russel rider circadian rhytms are affected by melatonin jet lag involved disruption of melatonin dark induced depression aka seaonal depression invovled with melatonin night shift workers tend to have more cancer it is speculated that melatonin has ____affect antioxidant