AP Psychology unit 7B
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30 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. (Myers Psychology 8e p. 148) |
| Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
| Prototype | a standard or typical example |
| algorithm | a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem |
| Heuristic | a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem |
| Insight | A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution |
| Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
| fixation | (histology) the preservation and hardening of a tissue sample to retain as nearly as possible the same relations they had in the living body |
| Mental Set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
| Representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information |
| Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |
| Overconfidence | total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant |
| Belief Perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| Intuition | instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes) |
| Framing | formulation of the plans and important details |
| Language | the mental faculty or power of vocal communication |
| Phoneme | (linguistics) one of a small set of speech sounds that are distinguished by the speakers of a particular language |
| Morpheme | minimal meaningful language unit |
| Grammar | studies of the formation of basic linguistic units |
| Semantics | the study of language meaning |
| Syntax | the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences |
| One-word Stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
| two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words |
| linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
| Noam Chomsky | United States linguist whose theory of generative grammar redefined the field of linguistics (born 1928) |
| B.F Skinner | pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments |
| Benjamin Whorf | Concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought |
| Creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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