Phil 101 final
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Created by:
charlottearcus on December 12, 2011
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Theist | believe in god |
| atheist | believe there's no god |
| agnostic | doesn't know if there's a god |
| teleological argument | purpose, Argument from Design |
| cosmological argument | First-cause argument |
| Ontological argument | to be, the Perfect-Being Argument |
| Argument from design | William Paley. When something happens, has some intelligence behind it. Everything is organized for the sake of something. best-explanation, best evidence |
| First-Cause Argument | 1. Everything has a cause 2. Chain of causes can't go on forever--- There is a first cause God is the first cause Therefore, God exists |
| Objection to first-cause | 2nd premise contradicts the first- stop chain of causes but everything has a cause? |
| The Perfect-Being argument | 1. God= most perfect being by definition 2. The most perfect being exists mentally 3. To exist in reality and mentally is more perfect than to exist mentally only--- The most perfect being exists in reality (St. Anselm) |
| objections to perfect-being | contradictory notion- square circle/married bachelor, doesn't even exist mentally. Can prove the existence of anything with it (Gamilo),existence is not a property, both are the same (Kant) |
| The best-explanation argument | from the argument from design. 1. Either x or y- 2 possible explanations (intelligent design or chance) 2. not x, (not chance, bad explanation) 3. therefore, y (-> intelligent design) Darwin: challenged truth of first premise, natural selection=3rd option |
| The same-evidence argument | from the argument from design. 1. watch->watchmaker 2. Universe is like a watch, well organized 3. Therefore, there must be a universe maker Hume: Challenged validity of argument, not necessary conclusion |
| logical problem of evil | it is impossible for there to be a God and evil and the same time because God is supposed to be all-good, all-powerful & all-knowing |
| evidentiary problem | not impossible for God and evil to exist at the same time, but unlikely. Because so much evil- some evidence that there isn't any God. (weaker claim) |
| defense | response to logical problem, trying to show it's not impossible that God & evil exist at the same time. make a negative point |
| theodicy | actual reason to why God would allow evil |
| reasons why God might allow evil to happen | physical pain- warning system (pain exists without warning, danger may be present w/o pain), to appreciate the good (a little evil would be enough), to punish for wrongdoings (good ppl suffer, some bad don't- Christian doctrine), free will defense (isn't God's fault, our fault bc we're free- why did he make it? evil not based on human choices, why doesn't he intervene?), develop moral virtues in response (can become evil by being around evil or die before develop morals) |
| personal identity | what makes you be you? essentially |
| Ego/Soul Theory | There is something essential that makes me be me. Body, mental life, soul/ego/self. Everybody is different/unique, suppose 2 people physically & mentally same- still have feeling that they're different, have duplicator...destroy original you for $1 million- no. 1. Everything that changes presupposes something remaining 2. All mental states can change--- There's something remaining as far as mental states is concerned... |
| Bundle Theory | There is NOT something essential that makes me be me. Body + mental life. A collection. We have different mental states but nothing else in addition. Self can't be observed Split Brain |
| Soul | exists separately from mental states, unifies mental life |
| Split Brain | supports bundle theory. Derek Parfit 1 mental life-> 2 mental lives- explained by scientific discussion 2 souls...where does the extra one come from? More difficult to explain |
| body-theory | Something physical makes me be me overtime. Body changes but is still the same one. To be the same person=to have the same body. Visible- good, not as mysterious as mental states, simple. Counter examples- transgender- body is different, same person? if put mind in other body, essentially still same person as mental life. Replace all cells in body overtime, different body, same person. |
| brain theory | Something physical makes me be me overtime. to be the same person is to have the same brain. Cells remain- better than body theory. Phineas Gage? qualitatively different, numerically same |
| same-body theory | Something physical makes me be me overtime. to be the same person is to have the same (whole) body |
| Memory theory | Something mental makes me be me overtime. To be the same person is to REMEMBER being the same person/other people remember you being same person. alzheimers, infantile amnesia counter examples- lose memory- same person? Experiences are more important. it's unnecessary to remember what you were like at 15, it is enough that there is a chain of memories leading you there. |
| argument | reasons to convince of something |
| theory | doesn't try to convince, just an explanation |
| experience | to feel/look like something. a property of consciousness & the mind. Are subjective |
| Dualism | Descartes. Mind and body are 2 separate things. body=physical, mind=nonphysical. Arguments- conceivability, private access, infallible |
| conceivability | argument of dualism. Can imagine body without mind & vice versa-> they are separate (ghost/spirit/zombie) |
| private access | argument of dualism. Others can't read your mind, can see your body though. Read mind from brain activity?-still physical |
| infallible | argument of dualism. We can't be mistaken about the mind as far as you're conscious of it, can be mistaken about the physical side- must be different things. Can be mistaken about mind but can't be mistaken that you're having that belief. |
| Materialism | mind and body are the SAME. Mind IS physical, nothing else. Behaviorism theory, mind-brain identity theory, functionalism |
| Arguments against dualism | how can something nonphysical cause/interact with something physical & vice versa?- Interaction problem. radical emergence--there is a point in universe when conscious minds occur- how does something nonphysical come from something physical? |
| philosophical/analytic Behaviorism | mental states are just behavior. if unsure how you feel and you spontaneously laugh, behavior is a more reliable guide to what is going on in mind than mental states objection- some mental states don't translate into behavior (what mental state is ABOUT) |
| Mind-Brain identity theory | MIND IS THE BRAIN. mental states=brain states. objection- they look different. Aliens made of jelly, can feel emotions |
| Functionalism | specific material doesn't matter, as long as mental state has the same function as it does for us. Mental states play some specific role. Mental states=functions, roles-- physical stuff doesn't matter. Computer made up of chips can have same mental states as us |
| skepticism | question everything, doubt all knowledge (not false, just can't be sure it's true) |
| Direct realism | directly perceive what you see in front of you |
| indirect realism | perceive indirectly, something between you and the object mentally & metaphorically. Mental representations & capacity stand between you and object. Experience/memories influence perceptions. Descartes- skeptic, are things really there? Berkeley- matter doesn't exist, everything is mental. "middle man" |
| meta-physics | reality, existence |
| epistemology | knowledge |
| ethics (philosophy branch) | right/wrong, actions, goals |
| aesthetics | art, beauty |
| logic | good argumentation |
| meta-ethics | so general, doesn't translate to anything practical (morality) |
| ethics | general theories about what is right/wrong with PRACTICAL consequences. Tip the balance, choose what is best for you |
| Applied ethics | controversial issues, ie. Abortion |
| Philosophy | Greek, "love of wisdom" |
| Law of non-contradiction | for every statement, you either have truth OR falsity (Can't be both at same time) |
| law of excluded middle | Must be true or false, there is NO 3rd possibility. If it's unsettled, it's because we don't know, not because statement is unsettled. |
| Fatalism | 1. Every statement is either T/F 2. Which one is already settled 3. Statements about the future involving human action are T/F and which one is settled--- Human actions (future) are settled, so there is no free will. Can question validity of 2nd premise |
| Determinism | 1. All events in physical reality are caused by something else 2. All events in physical reality are determined by a cause 3. Human actions are events in physical reality--- Human actions are determined by prior causes (no free will) Objections- quantum physics allows that not all physical events are determined. Deny conclusion- there is some free will in some other sense, even if grant whole argument. Science has long, indirect evidence. brute experience. hold people morally responsible- can choose actions. |
| Libertarianism | At least some physical events are NOT determined, at least some of actions are FREE. "To be free= NOT to be caused/uncaused/not be determined" |
| Compatibilism | All physical events are determined. We ARE free (at least some of our actions) "To be free= 'unforced', to come from your desires- may be determined already" |
| relativism/subjectivism | Moral judgments are just relative & subjective, change from people to people. If someone thinks it's right to have slaves, it's right for them. Tolerant/Accepting of other ppls opinions. |
| Universal & objective | If it's wrong, it's wrong for everybody. Killing for fun is wrong. Objections- because agree, doesn't mean it's true- true but there must be some objective truth. When you deice to do something, think everyone else should be able to (abort in same situation) |
| validity | conclusion is the necessary consequence from the premises, regardless of truth or premises |
| sound | both true and valid |
| belief | 1. it happens in my mind 2. it can be expressed in a sentence 3. it is true or false aka opinion. "My room is nice. Today is Monday." |
| concrete skepticism | uncertain about one particular belief |
| global skepticism | unsure about ALL beliefs |
| 2 sources of knowledge | according to Descartes. senses (sky is blue) and reason (2+2=4- everything you know w/o help from the senses) |
| empirical/posteriori knowledge | knowledge that comes from experience/senses. Senses can deceive us |
| dream/matrix scenario | not really experiencing anything |
| rational/priori knowledge | knowledge that comes from reason |
| evil-demon scenario | evil spirit makes you believe something |
| Descartes' word for conscious/aware | think |
| only indubitable belief | the fact that you're conscious of having doubtful beliefs |
| an idea | a mental representation (exist in the mind), everything we ever get to know. Only exist if they're perceived. |
| a thing | a bunch of qualities, certain ideas frequently going together. ie. a book |
| esse est percipi | to exist is to be perceived |
| idealism | the position holding that things (the physical world) don't really exist, or that they only exist in so far as they are being perceived, not in themselves. Stronger than skepticism (deny, don't doubt), physical world=mental |
| Berkeley | Everything physical is a mental representation even if it is permanent and everyone can see the same thing in common. It is in existence even when we are not perceiving it because it's in God's mind. His mind keeps everything in existence, he perceives everything. |
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