Exotics Final L30 Pharmacotherapeutics
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 T/F there are lots of pharmacokinetic studies in small mammals. | False (dosages based on empiracle data, observations, and experience. |
| Drug uptake depends on 6: | age sex physiology diet disease status etc |
| T/F Most drugs in small mammals are extra label. | True (very few approved by FDA) |
| What permits drugs to be used on animals other than those approved? | AMDUCA |
| What should you obtain before administering drugs? | accurate body weight |
| What is the preferred way to administer most medications, especially by clients? | Per Os |
| What may be preferable to pills? | -crushing pills in palatable food (bananas etc) -liquid form |
| T/F Liquid form is suitable for all drugs. | False (not for many abx --> dysbiosis) |
| Use and drawback of meds in drinking water? | use: commercially kept large populations drawback: undesirable taste or sick animals adipsic |
| What is the preferred perenteral route of drugs? | Subcutaneous (easy, minimal stress, use interscapular area) |
| Which drugs should you be careful with subcutaneously? | Necrotizing drugs eg enrofloxacin that may cause skin slough (dilute with saline to help) |
| What is the intramuscular site preferred? Why? | Deep in quadriceps or lumbar -caudal thigh injection may result in nerve paralysis |
| Enro - subcutaneous injection, what should you consider? | necotizing --> may cause skin slough. dilute with saline |
| Should you inject in the caudal thigh muscles? | no, may result in nerve paralysis |
| What limits the intramuscular sites? | small mass of the animal |
| Compounding is useful for trying to medicate via which route? | PO |
| Is compounding easy? what must be considered? | No, challenging Very few approved meds Legal & ehtical issues |
| Compounding must be in compliance with established ____. Done by order of a ___ ___ within a valid ____ and from approved ____ or ____ drugs. | laws licenced vet vcpr human or animal drugs |
| Does compounding require a prescription? | Yes! |
| When compounding one should be aware of incompatibilities between ____ and ____ ingredients. | active & inactive |
| Which weird flavors do rabbits like? | carrot, banana creme, vanilla butternut, lettuce, pineapple, strawberry. |
| What are the most commonly used meds in small mammal medicine? | Antibiotics |
| Are there lots of pharmacokinetic studies? how are dosages based? | no, lack pharmacokinetic studies dosages are impircal |
| Rodents are _____ (omnivores, carnivores, herbivores) and have gram ____ (+/-) and _____ (aerobic/anaerobic) intestinal micorflora. | herbivores gram + anaerobic |
| What do antibiotics cause in rodents? | dysbiosis suppress healthy gi flora |
| What does PLACE stand for rodent drugs? T? G? | Penicillin lincomycin amoxy/+/- clavamox, ampicillin cephalasporins, clindamycin erythromycin (maybe also tms, tet, tylosin, gent) |
| What route of abx is often contraindicated in rodents? | oral - dysbiosis |
| What abx can be used in rodents? | penicillin, occasionally |
| What should you look for when giving abx to rodents? | signs of dysbiosis |
| Which abx are safe for rodents? | CFMs chloramphenicol fluroquinolones metronidazole sulfonamides |
| T/F Many abx have been evaluated for effictiveness. | False (unfortunately need to rely on empiric data) |
| Factors to consider for appropriate abx: Patients ___/____ condition ____ ____ involved Patients ___ & _____ status | clinical/pathologic condition organ system involved nutritional & hydrastion status |
| What bacterial and ab properties should be considered when selecting an appropriate abx? | culture & sensitivity bacteriostatic vs cidal MIC of pathogen |
| Further considerations in choosing an abx Administraiton ___ and____ Potential ___ ____ Owner ____. | Dose & rate administration Potential advese effects Owner compliance |
| Which 5 drugs did we get dosages for that we don't have to know? | MET-2C Metronidazole Enrofloxacin TMS chloramphenicol/ciprofloxacin |
| What unique disgusting ability do rabbits have? | can produce granulomatous abscesses |
| Are rabbit abscesses treatable with antibiotics alone? | No, require excision and antimicrobial therapy. |
| Which antibiotics are inappropriate in rodents (gram what)? what do they cause? | Gram pos enteritis and abx associated clostridial enterotoxemia |
| Which route is worst for inappropriate abx? which species most susceptible? | PO chinchillas, gpigs, hamsters |
| Streptomycin is toxic to which? | gerbils, gpigs, hamsters, mice |
| Who is procaine toxic to? | mice & gpigs |
| High doses of chloramphenicol and aminoglycosides ar toxic to? | gpigs chinchillas |
| What should you not give chinchillas? | high dose chloramphicol or aminoglycoside gram pos abx per os |
| What should you not give g pigs | high dose chloramphenicol or aminoglycoside procine streptomycin po gram pos abx |
| what should you not give to mice | procaine streptomycin |
| What should you not give to hamsters? | streptomycin po gram pos abx |
| Which abx can cause clostridial enterotoxemia? SPEL Ct | streptomycin pens (incl ampicillin, amoxycillin) erythromycin lincomycin cephalosplorins, clindamycin tylosin (others) |
| Why do small mammals now need pain relief? | they are considered part of the family unit |
| What are indications for analgesia in small mammals? | -post surgical/post-trauma/chronic pain -reduce stress & promote healing -results in smoother recoveries -pre-emptive analgesia may reduce need for analgesics post-op |
| Is pain assessment of small mammals easy? | No, requires knowledge of behavior |
| What are signs of pain? | -subtle changes in activity level -shift body position -vocalizing -bruxism -hypersalivation -dec appetitie -lack of grooming |
| Which animals are at the bottom of the food chain? how does this affect their pain? | rabbits & rodents -pain signs are subtle |
| What 2 groups of analgesics are used together or alone for pain? | opiates NSAIDs |
| Which opioids are used in small mammals? | buprenorphine & butorphanol (meperidine, morphine oxymorphone) |
| What nsaids are used in small mammals? | carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam |
| T/F Opioids only affect central pain alleviation. | False (central & peripheral) |
| What are 3 properties that make opioids desirable? | efficacious, safe, reversible |
| Which is the most important opioid receptor for pain control? | mu |
| What are 2 major side effects for opioids? | sedation respiratory depression |
| T/F the effects on bp are consistent. | False (hypotension in ferrets & rats, hypertension in rabbits and mice) |
| What might opioids cause in all animals, hint GI? | ileus |
| Which opiods are most commonly used in small mammals? why? | butorphanol and buprenorphine -synthetic opiate partial antagnoists -minimal resp effects, no cns depression |
| Why are butorphanol and buprenorphine frequently used in small animal medicine? | minimal resp effects and no significant CNS depression |
| Which receptors does buptorphanol work on? | kappa and sigma |
| T/F butorphanol is less potent than morphine. | False (more) |
| In comparison to buprenorphine, butorphanol has a ____ onset and ____ duration. (fast/slow, long/short) | faster onset shorter duration (butorphanol = fast quick high) |
| What side effect does butorphanol have in ferrets? What can help? | profound sedation (use lower doses) |
| Buprenorphine action on which receptors? | mu |
| Is buprenorphine long or short acting? why? | long lots of mu receptors in body |
| Buprenorphine is ___ potent than morphine. | More |
| T/F buprenorphine has several adverse effects. | False (few, rarely resp depression) |
| Buprenorphine is a partial ___ agonist and a ___antagonist, does it have the same action or different as opiate agnostis? | partial mu kappa antagnoist Same |
| T/F Nsaids are increasingly used in exotic small mammals. | True |
| What can NSAIDs help with in small mammals? | pain from inflammation eg arthritis, dental dz |
| Are nsaids safe? labeled for small mammals? | little info on safety off-label use |
| What side effects do NSAIDs have? | gastric ulcers -vomiting, anorexia, depression, diarrhea -less common: gi ulcers, renal failure, hepatic failure, death |
| What can sucralfate be used for with NSAIDs | gastric ulcers |
| What should you do to prevent NSAIDs s/e? | -history, PE -serum biochem -Avoid use of other nsaids or steroids -ensure hydration |
| What are 2 things you can do to prevent NSAID s/e | -ensure hydration do not dose multiple nsaids or nsaids w/steroids |
| T/F It is ok to give nsaids and steroids together. | FALSE (not 2 nsaids either) |
| What 4 nsaids are used in small mammals? | meloxicam (metacam) carprofen (rimadyl) ketoprofen flunixin meglumine (no more than 3 days) (banamine) |
| T/F Rabbits are ok with corticosteroids. | False (sensitivity to them - immune suppresion and liver toxicity) |
| T/F it is ok to give rabbits corticosteroids once. | False (even 1-time doses, topicla or opthalmic can cause GI ulceration and immunosuppresion.) |
| What hepatic changes are seen with rabbits on steroids? | lipid deposits, glycogen deposition |
| Can you ever give corticosteroids to a rabbit? | yes, with extremem caution and concurrent gastric protectant. |
| Do you give steroids to rabbits for derm issues? | no (only head trauma or shock) |
| T/F it is generally ok to use corticosteroids for head trauma and shock in small mammals. | False (controversial) |
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