| Term | Definition |
|---|
| MANTLE | 84% of volume, 68% of mass |
| CORE | 16% of volume, 31% of mass |
| paleoatmosphere | formed by the release of gases by volcanoes. Volcanoes produce water vapour, CO, CO2, HCl, Methane, ammonia, nitrogen, and sulfur gases |
| atomosphere composition | 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1 % argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, small amounts of water vapour |
| Earth's 4 spheres | Biosphere, Geosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere |
| The Hydrologic Cycle | the circulation and conservation of Earth's water |
| total water on earth | 1.49 E 9 km cubed |
| size of resevoirs of water | oceans: 97.5 %, fresh water: 2.5%. Of fresh water (2.5%): ice caps and glaciers: 1.8%, ground water: 0.63%, lakes and rivers: 0.01%, atmosphere: 0.001% |
| evaporation | the change of H2O from its liquid form to its gas form. Moves water from oceans, lakes, rivers, into atmosphere. |
| condensation | molecules enter the liquid water body more rapidly than molecules leave it, so water body gets larger |
| equilibrium | molecules enter and leave the liquid body at the same rate, the atmosphere near the water body is said to be saturated. |
| transpiration | evaporation that occurs directly from the leaves and stems of plants. Transfers water from the lithosphere (soil) to the atmosphere via the biosphere (plants). |
| transportation of H2O in the atmosphere | as air masses move, their water content moves with them. Water evaporating from one area may precipitate in a much different area. |
| precipitation | develops when growing cloud droplets become too large and heavy to remain in the clould and small toward the surface of the earth. |
| groundwater | all the water that has penetrated the earht's surface and is found in one of 2 soil layers |
| zone of aeration (vadose zone) | where spaces between soil particles are filled partially with air and partially with water. |
| zone of saturation | where the spaces between soil particles are filled entirely with water. |
| the water table | the boundary between the two soil layers (unsaturated and saturated ground) |
| flooding | happens when the entire area below the ground surface is saturated and any further precipitation is forced to remain on the surface (water table rises) |
| NAPLS (non aqueous phase liquids | hydrocarbon pollutants in the subsurface that can partially dissolve into water at very slow rates and provide a long lasting source of pollution unless they are cleaned up. |
| aral sea | salinity increased from 10% to 23%, local fishery destroyed, local climate changed, as it shanks, salty and pesticide-contaminated soil remained on the exposed lake bed |
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