5 Written Questions

1. Fruit 59% diet on average, also young leaves, flowers, insects
   Figs as an important fruit (25% diet)
2. Occupy small well defended territories
   Home range about 40 ha, may defend about 80% range
   Travel territories thoroughly in search of ripe fruit
3. highly frugivorous, territorial, stable pair-bonds, regular vocalizations
4. support territoriality
5. Body size
   Both sexes large, saber-like canines canines

5 Matching Questions

1. Social group structure and mating patterns: Pair formation:Less stable than originally thought:
   New pairs
2. Socioecology of Hylobatidae: Males engage in pair bonds because
3. Vocalizations or Songs: Taxa are also distinguished by
4. General ecology:Terminal branch feeding
5. True Monogamy? No... Females (H. lar) at some sites maintain simultaneous sexual relations with

1. a ≥ 2 males, 21% in socially polyandrous groups
2. b -newlywed" model
   -Take over model
   -Replacement after death, disappearance or desertion
3. c vocalizations (genera differ)
4. d important
5. e Cannot defend > 1 female, OR
   Protect against infanticide, OR
   To guard their mate given the potential for EPCs, OR
   Efficiency of foraging, constraints of feeding ecology

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Extra-pair copulations well documented
   1. General ecology: territory
   2. General ecology: diet
   3. True Monogamy? No...
   4. Relationship among lesser apes
2. diploid number, 50 chromosomes; largest body size, up to about 15kg
   1. Distinctions among Genera: Symphalangus:
   2. Distinctions among Genera: Hoolock:
   3. Distinctions among Genera: Hylobates:
   4. Distinctions among Genera: Nomascus:
3. diploid number, 38 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism
   1. Distinctions among Genera: Hoolock:
   2. Distinctions among Genera: Nomascus:
   3. Distinctions among Genera: Symphalangus:
   4. Distinctions among Genera: Hylobates:
4. diploid number, 52 chromosomes; sexual dichromatism
   1. Distinctions among Genera: Hylobates:
   2. Distinctions among Genera: Symphalangus:
   3. Distinctions among Genera: Nomascus:
   4. Distinctions among Genera: Hoolock:
5. Smaller bodied than other apes
   Ischial callosities, they sleep sitting up do not make nests like "great apes"
   1. "Lesser Apes":Retain some cercopithecoid features:
   2. "Lesser Apes": Unique combination of behaviors:
   3. "Lesser Apes":Monomorphic:
   4. "Lesser Apes": Unique morphology related to

5 True/False Questions

1. Territoriality Indicated by behavior during intergroup encounters → Vocalizations, male and female solos, duets

   True        False

2. "Lesser Apes" : Most are allopatric, but siamangs (Symphalangus) overlaps with → lar gibbons and agile gibbons

   True        False

3. Relationship among lesser apes → Hylobatidae, (about 5MYA) becomes Nomascus, Symphalangues and Hylobates. Hylobates subdivide to Hoolock

   True        False

4. True Monogamy? Crested gibbons (Nomascus) are sometimes → Extra-pair copulations well documented

   True        False

5. Territoriality: Occasionally (but → Fruit 59% diet on average, also young leaves, flowers, insects
   Figs as an important fruit (25% diet)

   True        False