AVS 301 Anatomy & Physiology Final
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218 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gastric intrinsic factor is essential for the protection of vitamin b12 in the stomach | true |
| Eustachian tubes run from the pharynx to the middle ear | true |
| in the stomach pepsin is converted to pepsinogen in the presence of Hcl | false |
| water moves across a cell membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration | true |
| epithelial cells line the surface of the body and its lumens | true |
| the urine enteres the cloaca at the coprodeum | false |
| a lean animal would tend to have less body water than an obese animal | false |
| rabbits practice coprophagy | true |
| in most species salivation is increased by the sympathetic nervous system | false |
| GDV is mostly a problem in large, deep chested breeds of dogs | true |
| the rumen, unlike our stomach, has a nearly neutral pH | true |
| glucose is a nutrient, rice is an ingredient | true |
| the most common type of feedback system is negative feedback | true |
| hypertonic solutions shrink cells | true |
| pheromones are chemical communicators between individuals | true |
| pheromones are chemical communicators between individuals | true |
| insulin decreases blood glucose concentrations | true |
| most species of birds rely on gravity for degultition | true |
| enterohepatic is a type of counter-current blood flow system | false |
| a displace abomasums is commonly found in pigs, dogs, and cats | false |
| eructation involves the movement of rumen gases back to the mouth | true |
| the malleus, incus, and stapes are small bones in the inner ear | false |
| osmosis is a specialized type of diffusion involving the movement of water and ATP | false |
| Salivary secretions can be ____ or ____ | aqueous, mucous |
| The pancreas produces two hormones that regulate blood sugar levels - _____ that decreases blood sugar and _____ that increases blood glucose | insulin, glucagon |
| The most serious digestive problem in horses is | colic |
| The last segment of the small intestine is the | ileum |
| The milk coagulating enzyme of young ruminants is | rennin |
| two capillary beds in series is considered a ___ blood system | portal |
| The tusks of a boar are modified ____ teeth | canine |
| Taste buds are found on the _____ (raised surfaces) of the tongue | papillae |
| The normal osmolarity of most terrestrial animals is _____ and the units are ____ | 300, mOs |
| The center of a tooth- containing the blood and nervous system components is the ____ | pulp |
| The act of seizing and moving food to the mouth is the act of | prehension |
| Extracellular fluid consists of two components; _____ and ______ | ISF, plasma |
| Rabid animals are hydrophobic because they | can not swallow |
| The rumen and reticulum together are called the | tripe |
| many digestive enzymes are produced in an inactive form called a ______ and then activated outside the cells | zymogen |
| hepato | liver |
| gastro | stomach |
| cephalic | head |
| -ase | enzyme |
| -lith | stone/rock |
| If you were to cut into the intestinal tract (outside --> inside), would you cut the longitudinal or circular smooth muscle first? | longitudinal |
| what is the innermost cell layer lining the lumen | mucosa/epithelial |
| What are deciduous teeth? | baby/first |
| Which is the shortest? duodenum, jejunum, illeum | dudodenum |
| Of the following, which is the outermost (closest to skin)? parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum, mesentary | parietal peritoneum |
| Which is larger? chylomicron, portomicron | chylomicron |
| Which is/are not required for diffusion? concentration difference, water, membrane | water, membrane |
| The outside of a cells membrane is? Hydrophillic, hydrophobic | hydrophilic |
| the process of a whole cell sloughing off is? exocrine, paracrine, holocrine, endocrine, phagocytosis | holocrine |
| Animal with the simplest GI tract? | Cat |
| Pseudoruminants lack which stomach compartment? | omasum |
| Which part of the tooth is only found at the crown? | Enamel |
| Which chamber of the calf's stomach is the largest? | abomasum |
| which enzyme would you most expect to find in saliva? | amylase |
| which is the segment of large intestine joined to the illeum and cecum? | ascending |
| Which of the following is an enzyme? trehalose, trehalase, sucrose, uniporter | trehalase |
| Which does not belong ? Endocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis, phagocytosis | exocytosis |
| which does not belong? proventriculus, omasum, fundus, abomasum | omasum |
| Equalization of pressure between the middle and outer ear is accomplished by way of the | eustachian tube |
| which one of the following body fluid compartments would represent about 50% of the body weight? | intracellular |
| A selectively permeable membrane allows the passage of water and substance Y but not substance X. Equal volumes of aqueous solution X and aqueous solution Y are placed on opposite sides of the membrane. After the equilibrium, which side will contain the greater volume? | the side that originally contained solution X |
| In the cell membrane bilayer the _____ is the outermost region? | hyrdophilic heads |
| Which of the following normally has the highest levels of blood glucose | chicken |
| Species with constantly growing teeth | beaver |
| pigeons produce "milk" in their _____ to feed their young | crop |
| which of the following is a bacteria that can cause gastric ulcers? | heliobacter |
| The primary organ for water reabsorption is the | colon |
| Pancreatic juice contains, among other things ____ for digesting lipids and _____ for neutralizing stomach acid | lipase, bicarbonate |
| Teeth are most involved in which of the following processes | mastication |
| which of the following do we believe is not a cat tastes sensation | sweet |
| which of the following has the longest relative gi length? | rabbit |
| If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution | water flows out the cell because of the cell's lower solute concentration |
| A ___ solution that would swell/burst red blood cells | hypotonic |
| The Na:K transport system moves | Na out and K into the cell |
| Co-transport systems for amino acids, sugars, and sodium are examples of | symporter |
| The breakdown of proteins begins with secretions of the | stomach |
| Which of the following best illustrates the idea of increasing complexity of biological systems. 1. cells 2. organs 3. organelles 4.organism 5. tissues 6. organ systems | 3,1,5,2,6,4 |
| In mammals, lipids travel through lymphatic vessels in small particles called | chylomicrons |
| In osmosis, water moves through a semipermeable membrane from a | hypotonic solution to a isotonic solution |
| which of the following is involved in active amino acid co-transport | sodium |
| site where bile enters the GI tract | duodenum |
| three regions of the small intestine in order | duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| one of biles actions in the small intestine is to emulsify fats - for this reason we say that it is acting as a ____ | detergent |
| what are the three meninges layers, in order, from the outside to the CNS? | dura, arachnoid, pia |
| cutting the sympathetic nerves to the heart does what to heart rate? | decreases heart rate |
| what is antidromic conduction? | conduction opposite the normal direction |
| alpha motor neuron | afferent and efferent |
| nuclear bag | receptor |
| 1A neuron(in knee jerk reflex) | afferent |
| oxytocin(milk letdown reflex) | effector |
| gamma motor neuron | efferent |
| mammary smooth muscle (milk let down reflex) | effector |
| Oxytocin and ADH | released from post. pituitary, acts on muscle |
| Releasing and inhibitory hormones | released from hypothallamus, acts in anterior pituitary |
| short term memory | hippocampus |
| vegetative functions (breathing, respiration) | medulla oblongata |
| rate and gait | cerebellum |
| layer of meninges with CSF | arachnoid |
| layer of meninges most associated with blood brain barrier | layer of meninges most associated with blood brain barrier |
| melatonin production, 3rd eye | pineal gland |
| cranial nerve X function | sensory |
| cranial nerve that innervates face, can lead to intractable pain | transgineal |
| support cells in CNS | glieal |
| cerebral lobe with sensory and motor homunculi | cortex |
| system that consists of amygdala and hippocampus | limbic |
| excess -> acromegaly | GH |
| stimulates water rentention | ADH |
| stimulates sperm production | LH |
| causes ovulation | FSH |
| is involved in milk letdown reflex | oxytocin |
| increases metabolic rate | TSH |
| crop sac 'milk" in piegons and doves | prolactin |
| skin darkening in frogs and lower vertebrates | melatonin |
| what two adenohypophyseal hormones are regulated by GnRH? | LH & FSH |
| The autonomic nervous system has two divisions | the parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| the nucleus of a neuron is located within the | NCB |
| These multiple branches of a neuron increase the cell's ability to receive incoming information | dendrites |
| Which of the following is not true of all synaptic neurotransmitters? | They increase the likelihood that the next neuron will fire |
| When a neuron is polarized | the electrical charge inside is negative relative to the outside |
| part of the brainstem that acts as a bridge to and from higher centers | pons |
| damage to the hippocampus will likely cause the person to | lose the ability to store new memories |
| neurons that carry messages from the sense organs to the spinal cord or brain are called ______ neurons | sensory or afferent |
| the primary function of the ______ is to alert and arouse us to by activating higher parts of the brain | reticular formation |
| Mattie accidentaly put his finger into a light socket. He instantly pulled his hand away in response to the shock he experienced. No learning was necessary for this response. The ______ enabled Mattie to do this | spinal cord |
| Afferent neurons enter the spinal cord via the ____ root and efferents exit via the _____ root | dorsal, ventral |
| pain arising from the heart that is felt on the surface of the body is known as | referred pain |
| the ability of the CNS to remodel/reprogram itself | plasticity |
| the most susceptible part of the NS is | synapse |
| The organ that most deals with responding to stress is | adrenal gland |
| growth hormone acts through | IGF-I and IGF-II |
| Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons exit at | thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord |
| Cholinergic receptors are found on cells innervated by | sympathetic post ganglionic neurons |
| When RBC are broken down, the Hb is recycled intact into a new RBC | false |
| The vena cava returns blood to the left atrium | false |
| Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically coupled at intercalated disks | true |
| fast glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers fatigue very rapidly and are found in leg muscles of chickens | false |
| cutting the vagus increases the rate of spontaneous depolarization in pacemaker cells | true |
| Red blood cells normally make up about 30-50% of all blood cells | false |
| The most numerous granulocyte is the basophil | false |
| A positive chronotropic effect results in an increased cardiac output | true |
| A negative chronotropic effect results in a weaker heart contraction | true |
| the bainbridge reflex exerts a positive chronotropic effect | true |
| calcium results in a positive inotropic effect | true |
| male deer have a higher hemocrit than does | true |
| a epimysium surrons an entire skeletal muscle | true |
| there is a 1:1 transmission at the NMJ and synapse | false |
| abductors pull a limb away from the midline of the body | true |
| the second heart sound is associated with the T wave of the ekg | true |
| serum is the fluid from clotted blood | true |
| work is done in an istometric contraction | false |
| the first valve that the blood encounters when returning to the heart from the lungs is the left semilunar valve | false |
| the apperance of the first korotkoff sounds signals systolic BP | true |
| tropomyosin is the muscle protein with the highest affinity for calcium | false |
| prothrombin is a normal component of plasma | true |
| What vitamin is involved in the production of prothrombin? | K |
| What vitamin is involved in the production of RBC | B12 |
| What are the replacement skeletal muscle cells called? | Satilliete cells |
| Which 2 bands shorten during muscle contraction | H & I |
| The three pacemakers of the heart, in order | SA, AV, purkinje fibers |
| the numerator in the 120/80 blood pressure reading represents | systolic pressure |
| the type of lymphocyte that produces antibodies | B |
| the largest non-granulocytic WBC | macrophage |
| hormone(protein) that inhibits muscle growth | myostatin |
| increases RBC production | erthyropoetin |
| a buildup of ISF in the tissues | edema |
| the factor which most affects flow according to poiseuile's equation | radius |
| where in the brain the VCC, CIC,and CAC are located | medulla |
| a term for an excess of RBC | polychthemia |
| thin muscle myofilament | actin |
| thick muscle myofilament | myosin |
| blood blood is a result of what happening to hemoglobin | Fe3+ |
| teatnus toxin | rigid |
| botulism toxin | flaccid |
| breakdown of RBC occurs primarily in the | spleen |
| a RBC normally lasts about | 100 days |
| the neurotransmitter at the NMJ is | Ach |
| NMJ is released from the | alpha motor neuron |
| The neurotransmittor crosses the neuromuscular junction and binds to on a special place on the sarcolemma called the | motor end plate |
| _____ is developed that reaches TP and initates an AP that spreads over the sarcolemma | EPP |
| The reservior to replace ATP is skeletal muscle is | creatine |
| chordae tendoneae | ventricle |
| coronary arteries arise in this structure | aorta |
| papillary muscles | ventricle |
| sinoatrial node | atrium |
| purkinje fibers | ventricle |
| P wave | atrium |
| bundle of his | ventricle |
| largest component of a skeletal muscle cell | myofiber |
| muscle (cold) twitches that increase in amplitude with the same amount of stimulus are exhibiting | treppe |
| someone says that the Hb content of a baby pig is 5g/ 100 mL. What is the status of this piglet | anemic |
| Where is erythropoietin produced? | kidneys |
| what substance converts fibrinogen to fibrin? | thrombin |
| Which of the following best describes normal plasma | 70% of blood composition, contains prothrombin |
| Which of the following most accurately approximates the normal amount of blood in an animal? | 7.5% of body weight |
| which of the following has its blood flow most neurally regulated? | skin |
| artrial and ventricular diastole overlap during | T-P interval |
| Where is calcium used? | skeletal muscle contraction, alpha motor neuron terminal end, thrombin production |
| The QRS complex would immediately precede which one of the following events? | ventricular contraction |
| the longest refractory period is in the action potential of a | cardiac muscle cell |
| which of the following is the correct sequence of contraction for the heart? | simulataneous contraction of both atria followed by simulatenous contraction of both ventricles |
| which of the following is the most numerous cell in the blood | erythrocyte |
| If you were to extract the protein molecule from the a-band, which of the following molecules would be found in the extract? | myosin, actin, tropomyosin, troponin |
| if you were to extract the protein molecules from the H-band, which of the following molecules would be found in the extract? | myosin |
| the AP is distributed over the skeletal muscle fiber on the | sarcolemma |
| pushing against a locked door is an example of | isometric muscle contraction |
| What compound from clover can prevent absorption of vitamin K and prevent blood clotting | coumarin |
| The ____ tissue can be moved voluntarily | skeletal muscle |
| When pyruvic acid is produced by faster than it can be utilized, the surplus is converted to | lactic acid |
| anemia results when the persons stomach fails to produce intrinsic factor, which is necessary for the normal absorption of vitamin ___ | B12 |
| action potentials in skeletal muscle fibers propogate down the special portion of the sarcolemma, the ____ and cause release of calcium from the ____ | t-tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| which of the following is typical of both cardiac and skeletal muscles? | they are striated |
| rigor mortis results from ____ after death | lack of atp in muscles |
| Hours after a "normal" (non-stressful) death, the pH of the skeletal muscle will be | 5.5 |
| The motor unit is defined as | a motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it |
| During contraction of a skeletal muscle cell | neither the thin myofilaments nor the thick myofilaments change in length |
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