| Term | Definition |
|---|
| infection | invasion or colonization of the body by pathogenic microorganisms |
| disease | damage or injury to the body that impairs function |
| pathogenesis | ability of an organism to cause disease, a qualitative concept |
| pathogen | bacterium that is capable of harming a normal host |
| opportunistic pathogen | bacterium that harms a compromised host |
| virulence | measure of pathogenicity, a quantitative concept |
| pathogenicity | the ability of an organism to cause disease, represents a genetic component of the pathogen |
| virulence | property of the organism that determines the extent of the disease |
| avirulent | ____ organism, rarely, if ever, causes diseases in human beings |
| virulent | highly ______ organism, causes disease in most individuals with whom it comes in contact |
| virulence | certain factors which allow pathogen to 1) enter and colonize 2) resist immune defenses 3) cause damage |
| primary | type of infection - initial, acute infection |
| secondary | type of infection - second infection caused by opportunistic organism after a primary infection has weakened host defences |
| subclinical | type of infection - host has no apparent symptoms |
| nosocomial | type of infection - acquired as a consequence of hospitalization |
| invasiveness | ability of the organism to invade beyond the original site of entry |
| local | type of infection - restricted to a relatively small area of the body |
| systemic | type of infection - spread throughout the body. also called generalized infection. caused by invasive organisms |
| focal | type of infection - begins in a restricted area and then spreads throughout the body |
| susceptible | host may be ______ due to:1) Underlying disease or infection 2) Nutrition 3)Immunosuppressive therapy 4) Genetics 5) Age (UNIGA) |
| sterile | internal tissues such as blood, brain, muscle, are normally ______ |
| normal flora | same bacterial species that colonize the same anatomical sites in all people |
| archaea | some methanogenic _______ colonize the lower intestinal tract |
| fungi | the normal flora has a few eukaryotic _____ |
| bacteria | ____ are the most numerous and obvious microbial components of the normal flora |
| bacteria | _______ benefits1) Nutrients 2) (stable) Environment 3) (mode of) Transport (NET) |
| host | ____ benefits 1) Microbial antagonism 2) Nutritional synergisms 3) Stimulation of Immune System |
| host | ___ disadvantages 1) Pathogenic potential of normal flora if introduced to other parts of body 2) Production of intestinal gas |
| normal flora | ways in which the _____ _____ is first introduced 1) Passage through Birth canal 2) Food/Fluids 3) Air-borne microorganisms 4) Humans/pets |
| location | normal flora ______ factors 1) Growth factors 2) Ligands/cell-receptor interaction 3) Biofilms |
| normal flora | ____ _____ composition factors 1) Diet 2) Infection 3) Oral antibiotic therapy |
| skin | ____ normal flora composition factors 1) Diet 2) Age 3)Hygiene 4) Weather |
| sweat | most skin microorganisms associate directly or indirectly with ____ glands, such as the armpit, area between the toes, genital area |
| plaque | complex biofilm, initiated by a thin organic film of acidic glycoproteins from teh saliva |
| cavities | destruction of enamel, dentin, or cementum of teeth caused by acid-producing bacteria in plaque |
| peridontal | type of disease - infections that affect supporting structures of the teeth (gingigva, cementum ,peridontal membrane and alveolar bone) |
| gingivitis | inflammatory conditions of the gums |
| GI tract | consists of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine |
| diverse | flora of the large intestine contains a large and ______ population of bacteria |
| nasopharynx | URT, also known as |
| LRT | trachea, bronchi, and pulmonary tissues |
| LRT | ______ (URT or LRT) are virtually free of microorganisms because it is lined with ciliated epithelium |
| gnotobiotic | characteristics of _______ animals: 1) Abnormal anatomy/physiology 2) Poor immune system 3) Thin intestinal Wall 4) Low Ab 5) High susceptibility to pathogens 6) Low susceptibility to certain disease processes dependent on microbe activity |
| biofilm | organized communities of bacteria adhered to a surface and surrounded by EPS |
| EPS | slimy, film-like polysaccharide substance produced by biofilm bacteria |
| quorum sensing | coordinated chemical signaling between sells |
| autoinducers | quorum sensing uses signaling molecules produced by bacteria called _______ |
| biofilm | _____ formation: 1) Adherance to surface 2) EPS 3) Early/Late development of biofilm architecture 4) Dispersion of single cells from biofilm |
| planktonic | single bacterial cells that are growing in liquid |
| 2/3 | biofilms account for ____ of bacterial infection |
| pathogenic biofilms | ________ ______ are found on 1) Catheters 2) Hemodialysis equipment 3) Heart valve implants 4) Dental implants |
| pathogenic biofilms | ________ _______ can be responsible for 1) Cystic fibrosis 2) Tuberculosis 3) Urinary tract infections 4) Ear infections 5) Tonsillits 6) Oral infections (gingivitis, dental caries) |
| pathogenic biofilms | ________ ______ can be found on 1) Hot water systems in hospitals 2) Drinking water reservoirs |
| more | biofilms are ______ (more/less) resistant to antibiotics and antimicrobial stressors |
| resistance | biofilm ______ factors 1) EPS 2) Nutrient and O2 availability 3) Persister cells |
| biofilm | anti- _____ targets 1) Interfere with EPS 2) Inhibit Adherence 3) Target Autoinducers |
| pH | sebaceous glands release fatty acids, lactic acids to decrease the ___ of the skin and inhibit growth of microorganisms |
| antimicrobial peptides | _________ ______ are released in sweat |
| URT | nose, throat, ears |
| mucociliary system | the major barrier to microbial infections in the URT |
| antimicrobial peptides | body secretions secreted in the tongue, throat secrete ______ ________ |
| LRT | trachea, bronchial tubes, alveoli in the lungs |
| sterile | the LRT is normally _____ |
| lungs | the _____ lack ciliated membrane, but are protected by alveolar macrophages and antibodies |
| antimicrobial peptides | LRT contains _______ _______ such as lactoferrin, lysozymes, defensins, and LL-37 |
| GI tract | the ___ _______ contains majority of the normal flora |
| GI tract | __ ______ defenses1) stomach acidity 2) peristaltic movements 3) intestinal contents 4)microbial antagonism |
| innate | type of immune response - 1) Variety of potential pathogens 2) Innate 3) Immediate or Rapid |
| antimicrobial | tears, saliva, mucus, blood, lymph all contain ________ substances |
| lysozyme | anti-microbial enzyme |
| lactoferrin | iron-binding proteins |
| lactoperoxidase | enzyme that generates singlet oxygens to kill bacteria |
| antimicrobial peptides | beta-defensins, LL-37 |
| complement | ______ proteins found in serum - 1) Attract phagocytes 2) Stimulate histamine release 3) Opsonize 4) Lyse bacteria |
| inflammation | 1) Pain 2) Redness 3) Swelling 4) Heat ( PRS, pick H) |
| inflammation | ______ serves to 1) Limit spread 2) Repair tissue 3) Recruit phagocytes, enhance their effectiveness |
| acute | type of inflammation - 1) Complement activation, Macrophage recruitment 2) Complement bind to mast cell, release histamine 3) Vasodilation 4) Pus - results in local swelling 5) Fibrin clot, forming wall around damaged host - localize the infection |
| chronic | type of inflammation - 1) Recruitment of monocytes, differentiates to macrophages 2) Activate macrophages, secrete toxic oxygen 3) Cytokines released, fever results 4) Can damage tissue |
| antiseptics | chemical agents, applied to living tissues to kill/inhibit growth of microorganisms |
| disinfectants | chemical agents, applied to inanimate objects to kill microorganisms |
| bactericidal | kill bacteria |
| bacteriostatic | inhibits growth of bacteria |
| MIC | when concentration of bacteriostatic antibiotics falls below a certain concentration called ____, bacteria start to grow again |
| antibiotics | optimal attributes of _______ 1) Solubility 2) Broad spectrum 3) Low Resistance 4) Low rate of Breakdown 5) Low Toxicity 6) Non-Allergenic 7) Low MIC |
| antibiotic | ______ targets1) Cell wall biosynthesis 2) Cell membrane 3) Protein synthesis (by binding to ribosome) 4) DNA unwinding 5) Transcription 6)Folic acid metabolism |
| antibiotic resistance | _______ _________ - the acquired ability of microorganisms to resist the effects of an antiobiotic to which it is normall sensitive to |
| horizontal | ______ gene transfer: conjugation, transduction, transformation |
| superbug | bateria which are resistant to most or all types of antiobiotic treatment |
| MRSA | most common multiple-drug resistant pathogen in hospitals |
| vancomycin | antibiotic of last resort |
| vaccine | suspension of microorganisms or parts of microorganisms that are used to induce immunity by injection or exposure by the more typical portal of entry |
| disease, infection | vaccines prevent ______, but not ______ |
| vaccines | ______ induce the primary immune response, and subsequent exposure to pathogen induces a faster and more vigorous immune response that limits growth of pathogen |
| active | type of immunization - injecting vaccines into humans to induce a specific immune response |
| passive | type of immunization - injecting pre-formed Abs against specific bacteria/bacterial components into an infected person |
| BCG | vaccine for tuberculosis, a live strain of ____ that is immunologically similar to M. tuberculosis |
| general purpose | type of growth medium - supports growth of most aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria |
| enriched | type of growth medium - for metabolically fastidious bacteria |
| selective | type of growth medium - used to inhibit growth of certain bacteria |
| differential | type of growth medium - indicator dye allows identification of bacteria by appearance on growth media |
| sensitive | if zone of inhibition is greater than the standard, organism is _____ to the antibiotic |
| resistant | if zone of inhibition is smaller than the standard, organism is _____ to the antibiotic |
| independent | serological assays are growth ______ (dependent/independent) |
| epidemiology | study of when and where diseases occur, and how they are spread |
| incidence | fraction of pop. that acquires the disease in a certain time period # of new cases per time / 100, 000 ppl at risk |
| prevalence | fraction of pop. that has symptoms of the disease (includes both newly acquired and established cases) |
| sporadic | frequency of disease - occurs occassionally |
| endemic | frequency of disease - occurs continually at a low level |
| epidemic | frequency of disease - occurs sporadically at an elevated level, and continuously at a low level between sporadic outbreaks |
| pandemic | frequency of disease - widely distributed epidemic |
| outbreak | frequency of disease - number of disease cases increases in an area which previously on experienced sporadic cases |
| reservoirs | sites in which viable infectious agents remain and from which infections of individuals may occur |
| symptomatic | type of human reservoir - currently has the disease |
| convalescent | type of human reservoir - recovering from the disease and harbors the infectious agent |
| carrier | type of human reservoir - no disease symptoms, but carry the pathogen |
| acute | type of carrier - carrier state is transient |
| chronic | type of carrier - recovered from the clinical disease but still harbors the infectious agent |
| zoonose | disease that occur primarily in wild or domestic animals but can be transmitted to humans |
| reservoirs | different kinds of ______ 1) Humans 2) Animals 3) Insects 4) Inanimate |
| contact | mode of transmission - disease transmitted by direct human contact |
| common vehicle | mode of transmission - transmitted by an inanimate object (food, water, blood, drugs) |
| airborne | mode of transmission - droplets or dust |
| vector | mode of transmission - insects, ticks, mites fleas, rodents |
| ID | number of bacteria required to produce disease |
| LD | number of bacteria required to kill |
| endogenous | type of nosocomial infection - caused by the normal flora |
| exogenous | type of nosocomial infection - transmitted from another individual |
| iatrogenic | type of nosocomial infection - infection as a result from surgeries, invasive diagnostic procedures, medical implant devices |
| nosocomial | _______ infection factors 1) Patients are reservoirs 2) Numerous pathogens (many w/ resistance) 3) Weakened immune systems 4) Staff / visitors can help transmit pathogens from patient to patient |
| multifactorial | dependent on the possession of multiple virulence factors |
| infection | in order to cause an ______, bacteria need:1) Contact 2) Adhere 3) Multiply 4) Evade immune system |
| disease | in order to cause ______, bacteria need Chemical/molecular mechanism or trigger Chronic inflammatory response |
| localized | non-invasive organisms cause ______ infections |
| systemic | invasive organisms cause ______ infections |
| bacteremia | presence of bacteria in the blood |
| septicaemia | bacteria are multiplying in the blood |
| Koch's postulates | 1) Pathogen must be present in all disease cases 2) Isolate pathogen, cultivate in pure culture 3) Inoculate into susceptible animal, initiate disease symptoms 4) Re-isolate pathogen, confirm it's the same pathogen |
| Koch's postulates | the flaws of ____ ________ 1) Some bacteria cannot be cultivated in vitro 2) Some diseases don't have animal models |
| Molecular Koch's postulates | 1) Virulence gene should be present in pathogenic strains, absent in non-pathogenic strains 2) a) Knock out -> reduce virulence b) Cloned gene -> render virulent 3) Virulence should be expressed during infection in animal 4) Abs against virulence factor should protect infection in animal |
| persistent | _______ infection, may cause person to become a chronic carrier or may not show signs or symptoms of disease |
| primary | ear infection by bacteria of skin entering middle ear, is an example of a _____ infection |
| secondary | vaginal yeast infection, after taking antibiotics to eradicate a middle ear infection is an example of a ________ infection |
| nosocomial | MRSA infection after surgery is an example of a _______ infection |
| local | pimple, infected cut on finger or abscessed tooth is an example of a _____ infection |
| systemic | Typhoid fever is an example of a _______ infection |
| focal | Tetanus is an example of a _____ infection |
| opportunistic | S. pneumoniae is an example of an _______ pathogen |
| active | antibiotics are more effective against metabolically _____ (active/inactive) cells |
| chronic | _____ inflammation can result in the formation of a scar tissue |
| chronic | ______ inflammation involves T helper cells |
| vertical | ______ transmission - parent to offspring, natural, mutational, acquired (if plasmid replicates) |
| efflux | removing of antibiotics after it has entered the cell by pumps |
| resistance | modes of ______ against antibiotics - 1) Barriers 2) Modification of target of antibiotic 3) Production of additional targets 4) Metabolic bypass 5) Inactivation of antibiotic 6) Efflux |
| invasion | ability to enter cell/tissue |
| invasiveness | ability to enter body and spread to other parts of the body |
| sterile | ____ areas of the body include: 1) Blood 2) Muscle 3) LRT 4) Brain 5) Bone 6) Internal Tissues |
| ciliated | LRT is kept sterile because of _______ epithelial cells, and alveolar macrophages |
| selective | ______ toxicity - ability of a compound to inhibit/kill pathogens without adversely affecting the host |
| human | differences between bacteria and ____ cell molecules 1) RNA polymerase 2) Ribosomes 3) Cell Wall 4) Folic acid (we get ours in diet) 5) DNA gyrase 6) Cell membrane |
| lungs | tuberculosis is an infection of the ___ |
| directly | M. tuberculosis is spread _____ from person to person |
| dormant | in a tuberculosis infection, bacteria tend to survive in the lungs in a _______ state |
| macrophage | in tuberculosis, the bacteria survive and multiply inside _______ cells, resulting in further spread throughout the lung |
| tuberculosis | treatment for _________ requires long term therapy for 9-12 months, with multiple antibiotics |
| resistant | multi-______ strains of M. tuberculosis has resulted in increased mortality |
| attenuated | vaccination for M. tuberculosis is a live, ______ strain of BCG |
| cell-mediated | BCG for tuberculosis induces ______ (humoral / cell-mediated) response |
Combine with other sets
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