APUSH Key People 12-15
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Created by:
ivegotdreams on December 12, 2011
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43 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 James Monroe (1816-24) | Revolutionary war soldier, statesman and fifth president of the US. As president, he supported protective tariffs and a national bank, but maintained a jeffersonian opposition to federally-funded internal improvements. Though he sought to transcend partisanship, even undertaking a goodwill tour of the states in 1817, his presidency was rocked by bitter partisanship and sectional conflicts. |
| John Q. Adams | son of second president John Adams, he served as secretary of State under Monroe before becoming the sixth president of the US. A strong advocate of national finance and improvement, he faced opposition from states' rights advocates in the South and West. His controversial election-allegedly "corrupt bargain of 1824"-and his lack of political acumen further hampered his presidential agenda. |
| Santa Anna | Mexican general, president and dictator, who opposed Texas' independence and later led the Mexican army in the war against the US. |
| Stephen Austin | established the first major Anglo settlements in Texas under an agreement with the Mexican government. Though loyal to Mexico, he advocated for local Texans' rights, particularly the right to bring slaves into the region. Briefly imprisoned by Santa Anna for inciting rebellion, he returned to Texas in 1836 to serve as secretary of state of the newly-independent republic until his death later that year. |
| Nicholas Biddle | banker, financier, and President of the second Bank of the United States from 1822 until the bank's charter expired in 1836. |
| John C. Calhoun | Vice president under Jackson, he became a US senator form South Carolina after a public break with the administration. A fierce supporter of states' rights, he advocated South Carolina's position during the nullification crisis. In the 1840s and 1850s, he staunchly defended slavery, accusing free-state Northerners of conspiring to free the slaves. |
| Henry Clay | Secretary of State and US senator from Kentucky, he was known as the "Great Compromiser," helping to negotiate the Missouri Compromise in 1820, the Compromise Tariff of 1833 and the Compromise of 1850. As a National Republican, later Whig, Clay advocated a strong national agenda of internal improvements and protective tariffs, known as the American System. |
| William Henry Harrison | hero of the Battle of Tippecanoe and ninth president of the US. A Whig, he won the 1840 election on a "Log Cabin and Hard Cider" campaign, which played up his credentials as a backwoods westerner and Indian fighter. He died of pneumonia just four weeks after his inauguration. |
| Sam Houston | President of the Republic of Texas and US senator, he led Texas to independence in 1836 as commander in chief of the Texas army. As President of the Republic, he unsubbessfully sought annexation into the US. Once Texas officially joined the Union in 1845, he was elected to the US senate, later returning to serve as Governor of Texas until 1861, when he was removed from office for refusing to take an oath of loyatly to the Confederacy. |
| Andrew Jackson | War hero, congressman and 7th President of the US. A Democrat, he ushered in a new era of American politics, advocating white manhood suffrage and cementing party loyalties through the spoils system. As president, he dismantled the Bank of the US, asserted federal supremacy in the nullification crisis, and oversaw the harsh policy of Indian removal in the South (Indian Removal Act-1830) |
| Martin Van Buren | Jacksonian Democrat who became the eighth president of the US after serving as vice president during his second term. As president, he presided over the "hard times" wrought by the Panic of 1837, clinging to his monetary policies and rejecting federal intervention in the economy. |
| Denmark Vesey | Free black who orchestrated an aborted slave uprising in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822. His plan was uncovered before he could put it in motion, and he and 34 accomplices were put to death. |
| Daniel Webster | Lawyer, congressman and secretary of state, he teamed up with Clay in the Bank War agains Jackson in 1832. Hoping to avoid sectional conflict, he opposed the annexation of Texas but later urged the North to support the Compromise of 1850. |
| DeWitt Clinton (1825) | Governor of New York state and promoter of the Erie Canal, which linked the Hudson River to the Great Lakes. "Clinton's Big Ditch," as the canal was called, transformed upstate New York into a center of industry and gave rise to the Midwestern cities of Cleveland, Detroit, and Chicago. |
| John Deere | Inventor of the steel plow, which revolutionized farming in the Midwest, where fragile wooden plows had failed to break through the thick soil |
| Cyrus Field | Promoter of the first tansatlantic cable which linked Ireland and Newfoundland in 1854. After the first cable went dead, he lobbied for a heavier cable, which was finally laid in 1866. |
| Robert Fulton (1807) | Pennsylvania-born painter-engineer, who constructed the first operating steam boat, the Clermont, in 1807. |
| Cyrus McCormick | Inventor of the McCormick mower-reaper, a horse-drawn contraption that fueled the development of large-scale agriculture in the trans-Alleghen West. |
| Samuel F.B. Morse | inventor of the telegraph and the telegraphic code that bears his name. He led the effort to connect Washington annd Baltimore by telegraph and transmitted the first long-distance message-"What hath God wrought"-in May 1844. |
| Isaac Singer | American inventor and manufacturer, who made his fortune by improving on Elias Howe's sewing machine. His machine fueled the ready-made clothing industry in New England. |
| Samuel Slater | British-born mechanic and father of the American "Factory System," establishing textile mills throughout New England. |
| Eli Whitney | Great American inventor, best known for his Cotton Gin, which revolutionized the Southern economy. He also pioneered the use of interchangeable parts in the production of rifles |
| Louisa May Alcott | New England born author of popular novels for adolescents, most notably Little Women. |
| Susan B. Anthony | Reformer and woman suffragist, she, with long-time friend Elizabeth Cady Stanton, advocated for temperance and women's rights in New York State, established the abolitionist Women's Loyal Leasgue during the Civil War, and founded the National Woman Suggrage Association in 1869 to lobby for a constitutional amendment giving women the vote. |
| John J. Audubon | French-born naturalist and author of the beautifully written Birds of America. |
| James Fenimore Cooper | American novelist and a member of New York's Knickerbocker Group, he wrote adventure tales, including The Last of the Mohicans, which won acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic. |
| Emily Dickinson | Massachusetts born poet who, despite spending her life as a recluse, created a vivid inner world through her poetry, exploring themes of nature, love, death, and immortality. Refusing to publish during her lifetime, she left behind nearly two thousand poems, which were published after her death. |
| Dorothea Dix | new England teacher-author and champion of mental health reform, she assembled reports on insane asylums and petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to improve conditions. |
| Neal S. Dow | Nineteenth century temperance activist, dubbed the "Father of Prohibition" for his sponsorship of the Maine Law of 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the state. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson | Boston-born scholar and leading American transcendentalist, whose essays stressed individualism, self-improvement, optimism, and freedom (Most notable "Self-Reliance") |
| Charles Finney | One of the leading revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening, he presided over mass camp meetings throughtout New York state, championing temperance and abolition, and urging women to play a greater role in religious life. |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | Novelist and author of The Scarlet Letter, a tale exploring the psychological effects of sin in seventeenth century Puritan Boston. |
| Henry Wadsworth Longfellow | Harvard professor of modern languages and popular mid-nineteenth century poet, who won broad acclaim in Europe for his poetry. |
| Horace Mann | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education and a champion of public education, advocation: |
| Herman Melville | New York author who spent his youth as a whaler on the high seas, an experience which no doubt inspired his epic novel, Moby Dick. |
| Lucretia Mott | Prominent Quaker and abolitionist, she became a champion for women's rights after she and her fellow female delegates were not seated at the London antislavery convention of 1840. She, along with Stanton, held the first Woman's Rights Convention at Seneca Falls in 1848. |
| Francis Parkman | Early American historian who wrote a series of volumes on the imperial struggle between Britain and France in North America. |
| Joseph Smith | Founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons), the young Smith gained a following after an angel directed him to a set of golden plates which, when deciphered, becmae the Book of Mormon. Smith's communal, authoritarian church and his advocacy of plural marriage antagonized his heighbors in Ohio, Missouri and finally Illinois, where he was murdered by a mob in 1844. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Abolitionist and woman suffragist, she organized the first Woman's Rights Convention near her home in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. After the Civil War, she urged Congress to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendents, despite urgings from Frederick Douglass to let freedmen have their hour. In 1869, she, along with Susan B. Anthony, founded the National Woman Suggrage Association to lobby for a constitutional amendment granting women the vote. |
| Lucy Stone | Abolitionist and women's rights activist, who kept her maiden name after marriage inspiring women-"____ _____rs"-to follow her example. Though she campaigned to include women in the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments, she did not join Stanton and Anthony in denouncing the amendments when it became clear the changes would not be made. In 1869 she founded the American Woman Suffrage Association, which lobbied for suffrage primarily at the state level. |
| Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist and author of Walden: Or Life in the Woods. A committed idealist and abolitionist, he advocated civil disobedience, spending a night in jail for refusing to pay a poll tax to a government that supported slavery. |
| Walt Whitman | Brooklyn-born poet and author of Leaves of Grass, a collection of poems, written largely in free verse, wich exuberantly celebrated American's democratic spirit. |
| Brigham Young | Second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, he led his Mormon followers to Salt Lake City, Utah after Joseph Smith's death. Under his leadership, the Utah settlement prospered, and the church expanded to include over 100,000 members by his death in 1877. |
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