Accounting 2258 Flashcards set 2
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Smitty0384978 on December 13, 2011
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152 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Communicating through Computers | Use of e-mail, instant messaging and social networking |
| E-commerce | How businesses communicate with customers, causes disintermediation, removal of supply chain barriers. Also is causing cashless society |
| Ergonomics | Scientific application of information about humans to design objects, systems, and environments. Include the design of keyboards, mouse, keyboard drawers, document holders, antiglare screens, docking stations, notebook stand |
| Assistive Technology | Design of technology solutions for people with impairments |
| Green Computing | Using computing resources efficiently and with a worldly perspective (economic, social, and environmental impact) |
| What are ways to be environmentally responsible? | Buy green, save energy, save tress, proper disposal of materials, donation programs, recycling program |
| What are the Computer Crimes? | Computer as the target, computer as instrument of the crime, computer as incidental to other crimes, crimes associated with the prevalence of computers |
| Computer as the Target | Theft of intellectual property, marketing information or personal computerized files |
| Computer as Instrument of the Crimes | Fraudulent use of financial processing systems |
| Computer as Incidental to other Crimes | Money laundering and unlawful banking transactions. Make crimes easier with the use of computers |
| Crimes associated with the Prevalence of Computers | Software privacy, copyright violations |
| How do we protect data on computers? | Discard old materials properly, separate job functions of employees so no one has too much information, backup files, allow audit checks of data periodically |
| Disaster Recovery Plan | Back up copies of information are made and stored. Make sure alternative data processing is available. Make sure to build and test plan periodically |
| Data Compression | Compression techniques used to reduce the number of bytes required to store certain kinds of data. Also used to permit faster transaction of data between computers. Used with video, graphics, and audio |
| Computer System Components | Main body of the computer |
| Motherboard | Ties all components of computer together |
| Processor (CPU) | Processes data by interpreting and executing instructions |
| Bus | Subsystem of motherboard that transfers data or power between computer components |
| USB | Allows peripheral devices to be connected |
| Expansion Slots | Allows for more RAM and memory to be added |
| Sound and Video Cards | Creates images and audio |
| Port | Doorway between external device and a computer system (includes USB, Firewall and Bluetooth ports). Most common are mouse and keyboard ports |
| Primary Computer Memory | Temporary but fast storage using chip technology and is known as random access memory (RAM) |
| RAM | Storage within the computer and is volatile, meaning information is lost if not saved before computer shuts down. All RAM memory is accessed at the same speed |
| Memory Latency | Time between the processor initiated a request for a byte in memory until it is retrieved |
| Cache Memory | Special memory that operates much faster than RAM but it is expensive so not used for a whole system |
| ROM | Read only memory that cannot be easily written. Main use lies in the distribution of firmware |
| Virtual Memory | Used by multitasking computer operating systems like windows when several programs run simultaneously (Makes the computer think it has more RAM than it actually does) |
| What are the 5 Major categories of computers? | Mainframes, Supercomputers, Microcomputers, Palmtop and PDA's, Minicomputers |
| Mainframes | Used for bulk data processing activities like census tabulation and record keeping of university students |
| Supercomputers | Economic and weather forecasting, natural disaster simulations |
| Microcomputers | Known as personal computers (PC's) |
| Palmtop and PDA's | Handheld and mobile |
| Minicomputers | Smaller than micro but bigger than PDA's |
| Input Devices | Receive information. Include keyboards, mouse, microphone, camera, scanner, barcode reader, speech recognition |
| Mechanical Mouse | First mouse created where a ball runs on a flat surface and motion is replicated on screen |
| Optical Mouse | Uses infrared |
| Trackball | Use thumb to roll over a wheel and creates the opposite movement on monitor as your thumb action |
| Output Devices | Data that has been processed into information |
| What are types of Output Devices? | Monitors, Graphics card, printers, plotter, speakers |
| Graphic Card | Turns data into images displayed on monitor |
| Plotter | Used by artists to create line art |
| Monitor Specifications | Displays data on a screen using images made up of pixels |
| Pixel Spacing | Dots per inch (the more the better) |
| Resolution | 1280x800 standard dots per inch |
| Color depth | 24 pit color monitor is standard. How many different colors can be created |
| What are the 2 measures of performance with printers? | DPI and PPM |
| DPI | Dots per inch - the more the better |
| PPM | Pages per minute |
| What are the 5 types of printers? | Laser, Ink-jet, Dot matrix, Photo printer, Thermal printer |
| Modem | Device that modulates a carriers signal to encode a computer's digital data (includes analog, dial-up, cable, dsl) |
| Wireless | Wireless router attaches the data signal to a radio-based signal for transmission to computers in the local vicinity |
| Operating Systems | The master program controlling all resources within a computer. Nothing happens without the approval of this. It processes management, memory management, file system, napping and file association |
| What are the categories of OS? | Windows, Unix, Linux, Macintosh OS, DOS |
| Windows | Has graphical user interface making it more user friendly |
| Unix | Uses C computer language. Used in servers and work stations |
| Linux | Open source and free development software |
| Macintosh OS | Object oriented used by apple |
| DOS | Disk operating system (used from 1981-1995) |
| Error Checking | Scans file folders for errors |
| Disk Defragmenter | Looks for open segments of unused disk to keep computer running efficiently |
| Disk Cleanup | Select deletion of unused or little used files |
| SuperFetch | Maintains copies of frequently used programs in RAM to make computers run faster |
| ReadyBoost | Use external memory in flash drives or camera memory as additional cache memory |
| Control Panel | Doorway to control hundreds of computer's individual components. (includes system maintenance, security, network and internet, hardware and sound, programs, mobile PC, appearance, clock, language, ease of access) |
| System Software | Directs the actions of computer hardware. Software is loaded into RAM and executed in the CPU. Determine when specific application programs are loaded for execution |
| Application Software | Usually written in high-level programming language that is easier and more efficient for humans to use than the machine's native language |
| What are the different Software Relationships? | Relationship to hardware, data, programming, and people. |
| Word Processor | Used for creating written material (Microsoft Word, Word Perfect) |
| Spread Sheet | Manipulation of data arranged in rows and columns (Excel) |
| Macros | Repeat tasks more efficiently and accurately |
| Presentation and Multimedia software | Powerpoint |
| Browsers | Retrieve web pages |
| Search Engines | Runs on server that allows people to find web pages on interest |
| Speech Recognition | Allows computer to understand spoken word |
| What are hard disks? | Built into computers or in external units and usually have a very large capacity and are fast |
| How are hard disks used? | They provide random access to data meaning that nay data stored anywhere on the disk may be retrieved when requested by the processor |
| Floppy Disk | Similar to hard disk in that it stores data on a surface. Slower than a hard dick and have very limited data storage |
| Flash Memory | Flash, or solid state, memory is attractive because it is non-volatile, are fast, and has more storage capacity usually several GB's |
| RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) | A technique that divides or replicated data among multiple hard drives. Benefits include increased data reliability and throughput |
| Disk Mirroring | Technique that involves the replication of logical disk volumes onto separate hard disks in real time to ensure continuous availability of data |
| CD-ROM and DVD | An optical storage device that contains data accessible by a computer using a CD-ROM drive |
| Data Loss | The loss of small amounts of data |
| Malicious Data Loss | The loss of huge amount of data |
| Denial of Service | Is an attack described as an aggressive attempt to prevent legitimate users of a service from using that service or the server it is installed on |
| Unsecured E-mail | Software and hardware are used to prevent employees from unknowingly downloading viruses and infecting a corporate network |
| Online Fraud Risk | More common among merchants and many merchants are using fraud management tools to battle the perpetrators |
| Cookies | Perhaps one of the most widely recognized privacy risks |
| Spyware | Can harvest personal data by reading cookies and sending the data to a server. |
| Virus | A self-replicating computer program intended to alter how a computer operates, without the permission or knowledge of the user |
| Email Virus | Attached to an e-mail message |
| Worms | Programmed software that uses computer networks for transportation between computers and takes advantage of security flaws in operating systems to create copies of itself. Once installed, it may cause the same type of damage associated with a virus |
| What are the types of worms? | Email worms, instant messaging worms, internet worms |
| Trojan Horse | Imposters. They are files that claim to be something they are not. It appears to do something desirable (like a screen saver), but it will do things such as erase files, damage data, or reformat a hard disk |
| Corrupted Software Trojan | A trojan that is otherwise useful and has been altered by the insertion of malicious code that executes while the program runs |
| Standalone Programs Trojan | A trojan that pretends to be something else like an image file in order to trick a user into running the program |
| Keystroke Logging | A technique enbedded in some programs that enables the recording and reporting of the user's keystrokes |
| Phishing | An attempt to trick a person into giving away their private account information by confirming it at the phisher's web site, usually disguised as an e-mail from a business that wants them to reveal sensitive information |
| Web Bugs | Tools used to monitor the activity of customers at a web site. |
| Spam | An abuse of e-mail or other electronic-based messaging systems to send unsolicited and often undesirable bulk messages |
| Zombie | A computer connected to the internet that has been compromised by a computer virus or Trojan horse and can be used to perform malicious tasks of one sort or another under remote direction |
| Rootkit | A set of software tools intended to conceal running processes, files, or system data from the operating system. |
| Identity Theft | Occurs when someone uses someone else's personal information without their permission in an attempt to commit fraud or other crimes |
| Identity Fraud | A crime which involves using illegally obtained personal data for fraudulent activities |
| Password Hacking | One of the easiest and most common ways intruders obtain unauthorized entry into a computer system |
| Shoulder Surfing | The use of direct observation techniques, looking over someone's shoulder |
| Brute Force Attack | Exhaustively working through all possible combinations of letters, numbers, and special characters in order to guess a password |
| Dictionary Attack | Trying to determine a password by searching a large scale number of possibilities, like brute force except less extensive |
| Packet Sniffing | A computer software or hardware that can intercept and log traffic passing over a network |
| Why should we have a code of ethics? | To define accepted and acceptable behavior To promote high standard of practice To provide a benchmark for members to use for self-evaluation To establish framework for professional behavior and responsibilities As a vehicle for occupational identity |
| What is the IT Code of Conduct? | A code of ethics serves to guide the employees and members of an organization and help: contribute to society and human well-being, avoid harm to others, be honest and trustworthy, be fair and take action not to discriminate |
| Firewalls | Used to limit access to a computers open ports. |
| Antivirus Software | Are computer programs that attempt to identify, stop, and eliminate computer viruses and other malicious software using two techniques: dictionary approach and suspicious behavior |
| Dictionary Approach | Examines files to look for known viruses by matching definitions |
| Antispyware Programs | Are designed to remove or block spyware and identify in two ways: real-time protection and detection and removal |
| Digital Signatures | Are used to provide authentication of the associated input, usually called a message |
| Proxy Server | Allows clients to make indirect network connections to network service. |
| TOR | Free software that implements onion routing- a system allowing users to communicate anonymously on the internet. Basically like a series of Proxy servers |
| Sandbox | Is a software tool available for safely running programs. It is typically used to execute untested program code during the development process |
| Backup | Involves copying data and programs so that these copies may be restored in the event of system loss or data corruption |
| Encryption | The process of obscuring information to make it unreadable without special knowledge. It is sometimes referred to as scrambling |
| Uninterruptible Power Supply | A UPS provides emergency backup power in the event of an electrical outrage |
| Physical Security | Preventing direct access equipment is a major line of defense |
| Strong Authentification Schemes | Using strong passwords |
| Honeypot | A trap set to detect or deflect unauthorized use of information systems |
| Policies | Various organizational policies and procedures can be established to stipulate the proper use of corporate computer, networks, software, and data resources |
| Electronic Funds Transfer | The electronic exchange or transfer of money from one account to another, either within a single financial institution or across multiple institutions, through computer-based systems |
| Electronic Data Interchange | Is the structured transmission of data between organizations by electronic means |
| Automated Teller Machines (ATM) | A computerized telecommunications device that provides clients of a financial institution with access to financial transactions in a public space without the need for human interaction |
| Telephone and Online Banking | Allows customers to conduct financial transactions on a secure website operation by their retail or virtual bank |
| E-Commerce | A set of activities that support business operations on a network |
| What are the types of E-Commerce? | Business to Business, Business to Customer, Customer to Customer, Business to Government, Government to Citizen |
| What are the 4 main types of intermediaries who participate in E-Commerce? | Brokers, Auctioneers, Exchanges, Dealers and Resellers |
| Brokers | Match buyers and sellers and generally receive a fee. Craigslist and dating services are good examples |
| Auctioneers | Assist in the transaction by setting up a market place for customers to find sellers and their products they provide the place for the auction to occur-the web site (Ebay) |
| Exchanges | Similar to brokers in that buyers and sellers are brought together. Unlike auctions, exchange transactions are usually double-sided in that both parties are buyers and sellers |
| Dealers and Resellers | Take ownership of products provided by suppliers and resell them to buyers (Travelocity, Orbitz, and Apple I-Tunes) |
| What are the success factors of E-Commerce? | Market Research, Interface, Documentation, Security, Inviting, Value, Incentive |
| Stolen Credit Cards | Using credit cards for online purchases can be insecure especially when merchants manually complete transactions |
| Click Fraud | Occurs when websites which are paid for providing links to advertisers force clicks on ads on their own website via spyware |
| Pharming | The exploitation of vulnerability in domain name servers that allow traffic to a website to be redirected to another website |
| Auction and retail Schemes | Often purport to offer high-value items at a low price and the vendor delivers nothing or delivers an item of far less value than what was promised |
| Market Manipulation | Attempts to manipulate the securities market for personal gain require rapid dissemination of information about a target company |
| Cloud Computing | The delivery of computing as a service rather than a product, whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and other devices as a utility over a network |
| Server Farms | Is a collection of computer servers usually maintained by an enterprise to accomplish server needs far beyond the capability of one machine |
| Smart Dust | A sensor designed to be so small that it floats in the air. The idea is to use them in great quantity, connected by networks, communicating with each other using wireless signals |
| Geographic Information Systems | A system for collecting, storing, managing, and analyzing data and associated attributes which are referenced to locations on the Earth |
| Nano | Computers are small enough that several hundred could fit inside the space of a human cell |
| Nanites | Medical nano-monitors could patrol your body, and provided with a database of your DNA information, could repel foreign invaders by forming an artificial immune system. They could replace plastic surgeons and people would be able to remake their bodies as desired and even often |
| Software Agents | Learn about their users interests and act independently on the user's behalf |
| Bots | Advanced commercial agents that will become robust and adptive, learn from experience and will respond to unexpected situations with an array of different methods |
| Web 3.0 | The next generation of the World Wide Web. Experts believe Web 3.0 will be infused with more artificial intelligence. Using your browser's search history, it can predict the type of information you want |
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