Psych Final
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Created by:
PompeyJoe on December 13, 2011
Subjects:
Development, Personality, Psychological Disorders, Therapy / Treatment, Major Course Ideas
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141 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Harlow Monkey Studies | - Isolating the "mother factor" - Food / Nourishment OR Physical contact - Wire/mesh mother w/ food OR cloth mother **CLOTH mother served as SAFE HAVEN and SECURE BASE when exploring** |
| Strange Situations - Mary Ainsworth | - Quality of attachment between infant and caregiver and how that affects then as an adult - Mother leaves infant in room w/ or w/o stranger and tests reaction - Infant: "Can I count on my caregiver when I need them" * Yes (Secure) * No (Avoidant) * Maybe (Anxious-Ambivalent) |
| Attachment - Secure ("Yes") | - Infants feel comfortable to explore & trust a responsive mother. Seek and feel comfort from mother after experiment - Adults find it easy to trust, want love, don't fear rejection, see themselves as worthy of affection |
| Attachment - Avoidant ("No") | - Infants appear detached from unresponsive or rejecting mother. Anger when mother leaves and avoid when she returns - Adults are aloof, emotionally distant, skeptical of others' love, fear rejection but still want closeness |
| Attachment - Anxious-ambivalent ("Maybe") | - Infants cling to inconsistent caregiver and protest extremely when needs aren't met. Can't calm down even when being comforted. - Adults see themselves as misunderstood, lacking in confidence, can be clingy or needy in a relationship |
| Authoritative parents | Good communication, Strict rules, demands / expectations, warm + supportive |
| Authoritarian parents | Poor communication, strict rules, high demands / expectations, not warm + supportive |
| Permissive parents | Good communication, no rules, few demands / expectations, warm + supportive |
| Uninvolved parents | poor communication, no rules, no demands / expectations, not warm + supportive |
| Piaget's 4 stages | Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operation |
| sensorimotor stage | - Birth - 2 Yrs. - looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, grasping - under 6 no object permanence |
| Object Permanence | Even when something is not in your view it still eists. (Eg: Peek-A-Boo) |
| Preoperational Stage | - 2 - 6/7 yrs - lack of conservation - egocentrism |
| "Conservation" | things remain the same amount no matter how they look. Eg: Fat cup vs. tall cup |
| "Egocentrism" | Having a difficult time viewing things from another persons point of view |
| Concrete operational stage | - 6/7 - 11 yrs. - can grasp conservation - can transform mathematical functions |
| Formal operation stage | - Greater than 12 - abstract reasoning, use of symbols and imagined realities to reaon. good/evil, truth/justice, religion - deductive reasoning |
| "Deductive Reasoning" | Follow logical rules to make sense of things or be able to take different rules or laws and make conclusions from them. |
| Vygotsky | Claimed that development is *continuous* and focused on influence of culture and interactions w/ elders on development. - Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) - Scaffolding |
| Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) | The range of tasks that a child can carry out with the help of someone more skilled |
| Scaffolding | Temporary support by a parent/teacher that becomes less and less |
| Criticism of Piaget's theory | - Underestimation of children's abilities - Egocentrism / conservation appear to be more continuous than Piaget thought |
| Erikson - Ego Identity vs. Role Diffusion | - Young adulthood - Trying to figure out who you are Ego Identity: knowing who you are Role Diffusion: being pulled in many different directions |
| Erikson - Intimacy vs. Isolation | - young / middle adulthood - asks "Should you develop stronger romantic / friendships or is it better off to be alone?" |
| Erikson - Generativity vs. Stagnation | - middle adulthood / retirement Generativity: keep doing something and be productive Stagnation: Sit around and do nothing |
| Erikson - Ego Integrity vs. despair | - End of life Ego Integrity: Satisfied and happy w/ how you lived your life Despair: Unhappy with how you lived life. |
| Kohlberg - Preconventional Morality | - Before age 9 - show morality to avoid punishment and/or gain reward |
| Kohlberg - Conventional Morality | - Early adolescence - Social rules and laws are held up for their own sake |
| Kohlberg - Post-conventional Morality | - affirms people's agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethical principles |
| Freud - components of the mind | conscious, pre-conscious, unconscious |
| Conscious | The part of our mind that we are aware of all the time |
| Pre-Conscious | The part of our mind that we are sometimes aware of. Pops up in dreams, hypnosis |
| Unconscious | The part of our mind that's below the surface, we are never aware of it, much "larger" than the rest of our mind |
| Freud - components of personality | Id, Ego, Superego |
| Id | - animalistic - unconscious component, satisfies sexual/aggressive/hunger needs - pleasure principle: immediate gratification of needs regardless of consequences |
| Ego | largely conscious - balances id, superego, and reality - reality principle: what is realistically possible to satisfy id and superego |
| Superego | - unconscious - "conscience" - ideal perfect person - internalized ideals for how you should behave |
| Defense Mechanism | EGO'S protective method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality |
| Repression | anxiety-provoking thoughts & feelings are blocked from consciousness |
| regression | retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage of development, where psychic energy remains fixated |
| reaction formation | ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites |
| projection | disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others |
| rationalization | providing self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions |
| displacement | shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person (e.g., redirecting anger toward a safer outlet) |
| sublimation | channeling anxiety into socially-acceptable activities |
| FREUD'S PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES | - 5 psychosexual stages - fixation: lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at stages in which conflicts were unresolved * can arise from either over-indulgence or deprivation |
| Oral | - 0-18 Months - Pleasure center = mouth - sucking, biting, chewing * oral receptive: excessive smoking, eating, nail biting; gullibility * oral aggressive: verbally aggressive; sarcasm |
| Anal | - 18-36 months - pleasure = bowel/bladder elimination - coping w/ demands for control * anal retentive: orderly, thrifty, stubborn * anal explosive: messy, generous |
| Phallic | - 3-6 yrs - pleasure = genitals - incestuous sexual feelings |
| Oedipus Complex | - in love with mother - desire to replace father - Identify with father |
| Electra Complex | - in love with father (penis envy) - identify with mother |
| Latency | - 6 - Puberty - dormant sexual feelings - focus on social and intellectual skills |
| Genital | - Puberty on - Maturation of sexual interests - appropriate targets |
| CRITICISMS OF FREUD'S THEORY | - Not a scientific theory - Research doesn't support most of Freud's ideas - Sexist against women (e.g., "penis envy") |
| IN SUPPORT OF FREUD'S THEORY | -1st comprehensive theory of personality - Research supports some of Freud's ideas * much of our behavior is unconsciously guided * there is truth to some of Freud's defense mechanisms |
| Carl Jung - "Yoong" | - personal unconscious: Jung's name for the individual's unconscious mind - collective unconscious: a common reservoir of images derived from our species' past |
| Alfred Adler | - inferiority complex: much of our Bx is driven by efforts to conquer childhood feelings of childhood anxiety - compensation: overcome feelings of inferiority in 1 area of life by striving to be more superior in another - birth order effects |
| Karen Horney - "Horn-eye" | - refuted Freud's view of the inferiority of women * womb envy - social, not sexual tensions are critical in personality formation |
| projective test | personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics - Eg: Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Rorschach inkblot test |
| THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT) | - Henry Murray - 31 B&W photos of people in vague situations - asked to make a dramatic story about each picture - express inner feelings & interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes |
| RORSCHACH INKBLOT TEST | - most widely used projective test - designed by Hermann Rorschach - set of 10 inkblots - "What might this be?" |
| Humanistic Perspective - Personality - 2 main psychologists | Maslow & Rogers |
| ABRAHAM MASLOW | - hierarchy of needs - *self-actualization*: motivation to fulfill one's potential |
| CARL ROGERS | - self-actualization can be achieved with... - *unconditional positive regard*: an attitude of total acceptance toward another person - *real self*: one's perception of actual characteristics, traits & abilities - *ideal self*: one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be |
| Pros/Cons of humanistic perspective | - Pros * pervasive impact on counseling, education, child-rearing - Cons * vague and subjective and lacked scientific basis |
| trait | - characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel & act - Relatively stable across time and situations |
| THE "BIG FIVE" PERSONALITY FACTORS | - assesses "normal" personality traits along 5 dimensions: - used to understand "normal," everyday behavior - "OCEAN" - Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism |
| Openness | How creative you are |
| Conscientiousness | how (reliable/organized/thoughtful) you are |
| Extraversion | outgoingness |
| Agreeableness | how well you get along with other |
| Neuroticisn | how anxious you are |
| BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE | - Only external influences determine behavior * "state" vs. "trait" * no personality, we only react to the situation |
| SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE: | RECIPROCAL INFLUENCES - The three factors, behavior, cognition and environment are interlocking determinants of each other |
| Sociocultural Perspective | - Deals with external forces that become internalized - Enhances our sensitivity to cultural differences and expectations |
| 3 "D's" of psychological disorders | - Deviant: highly unusual - Distressful: causes the person (or others) significant distress - Dysfunctional: interferes w/ person's ability to function in daily life |
| Axis I | Clinical Disorders & Other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention |
| Axis II | Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation (Long lasting) |
| Axis III | General medical conditions |
| Axis IV | Psychosocial & Environmental Problems |
| Axis V | Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) |
| Schizophrenia | group of disorders that have psychotic symptoms as a prominent aspect of their presentation |
| Schizophrenia - positive symptoms | - delusions: false beliefs *delusions of persecution, delusions of grandeur, thought broadcasting - hallucinations: false sensory experiences w/o sensory stimulation * auditory hallucinations, visual hallucinations - disordered thinking (e.g., incoherent speech, odd trains of thought) |
| Schizophrenia - Negative Symptoms | - absence of appropriate behaviors e.g., toneless voice, expressionless face, mutism, rigid posture, catatonia*: inappropriate motor behavior, flattened or inappropriate affect |
| Schizophrenia - Subtypes | - Paranoid = Delusions/hallucinations are prevalent - Disorganized = Disorganized speech and behavior - Catatonic = Immobility (or excessive purposeless movement) |
| Causes of Schizophrenia | - Genetic - Schizophrenia is related to brain abnormalities * enlarged ventricles * reduction in gray matter * dopamine over-reactivity |
| mood disorders | psychological disorders that have disturbance in mood as the predominant feature |
| Major Depressive Disorder | - 2 or more weeks of significantly depressed mood along with potential * feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest or pleasure in most activities, changes in appetite, weight sleep patterns, difficulty thinking or concentrating, Suicidal thoughts |
| Dysthymia | at least 2 years of depressed mood for more days than not |
| Suicide Stats | - 1 Million people - women more likely to ATTEMPT - men 2-4x more likely to COMPLETE |
| Bipolar Disorder | - alternate between depression & the overexcited state of mania (hyperactive, wildly optimistic state) - Formerly known as manic depression - roughly equal distribution b/w men & women |
| anxiety disorders | characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) | person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal - At least 6 months of persistent & excessive worry - Not a specific cause/reason for worry - Approx 2/3 are women |
| Panic Disorder | unpredictable episodes of intense terror/dread & accompanying frightening physical sensations - panic attack: discrete period of time with sudden onset of intense symptoms |
| Agoraphobia | anxiety or avoidance due to fear of having a panic attack |
| Phobias | a persistent, irrational fear & avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation * Phobias are more extreme & more disabling than normal fears. |
| Specific Phobia | anxiety provoked by exposure to a specific feared object or situation, often leading to avoidance behavior |
| Social Phobia | fear of interacting with others or being in social situations that might lead to a negative evaluation |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions) - obsessions: persistent thoughts that are experienced as intrusive & & cause marked distress - compulsions: repetitive BEHAVIORS (e.g., hand washing, ordering, checking) or MENTAL ACTS (e.g., praying, counting, repeating words), with the goal of preventing or reducing anxiety or distress |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) | anxiety reaction to traumatic event including: * re-experiencing * increased arousal * avoidance of things related to trauma * duration of Sx's must be 1 month or longer (otherwise it's Acute Stress Disorder) |
| Somatoform Disorders | - Conversion Disorder: major changes in physical functioning for no medical reason - Hypochondriasis: preoccupation and mental exacerbation of physical problems |
| Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) | presence of 2 or more distinct & alternating personalities - formerly known as multiple personality disorder - memory impairment across the different personality states - not found in many countries & is very rare in others; "a wacky American fad"??? |
| personality disorder | an enduring pattern of inner experience, is pervasive & inflexible, is stable over time & leads to distress or impairment |
| Cluster A - Personality Disorders | Odd or eccentric - Paranoid: extreme suspicion; mistrustful - Schizoid: distant, unwilling and unable to form close relationships - Schizotypal: odd, eccentric, unable to form relationships |
| Cluster B - Personality Disorders | Dramatic/Erratic - Antisocial: Lacking a conscience or morals; users and con artists that experience no regrets or strong emotions - Borderline: moody, unstable, lacking a clear sense of identity, clinging to others - Narcissistic: Extremely vain and self involved |
| Cluster C - Personality Disorders | Anxious / Fearful - Avoidant: fearful of social relationships, tends to avoid social contacts unless absolutely necessary - Dependent: needy, want others to make decisions for them - Obsessive-Compulsive: Controlling, focused on neatness and order to an extreme degree |
| Psychotherapy | emotional, confiding interaction between a therapist and a patient. |
| Psychodynamic Psychotherapy | - Purpose: uncover the unconscious - Methods: free association, dream analysis, long term therapy - Criticisms: Takes a long time, Expensive, Difficult to refute |
| Humanistic Psychotherapty | - Purpose: boost self-fulfillment by helping people grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance - Methods: client-centered therapy, active listening, reflection |
| Behaviorist Psychotherapy | - Purpose: applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors - Methods: exposure therapy, systematic desensitization, aversive conditioning, operant conditioning |
| Exposure Therapy | Expose patients to things they fear and avoid. Through repeated exposures, anxiety lessens because they habituate to the things feared |
| Systematic Desensitization | A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli commonly used to treat phobias. |
| Aversive Conditioning | A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior. - Example: developing an aversion to alcohol |
| Operant Conditioning | - Reward desired behaviors to increase them. - Punish undesired behaviors to decrease them. Eg: Token Economy |
| Cognitive Therapy (Psychotherapy) | - Purpose: teach people adaptive ways of thinking and acting by focusing on the role of thoughts in our emotional reactions. - Methods: challenge negative or erroneous thinking, such as "shoulds" or "nevers" |
| Cognitive-Behavioral | - Purpose: change thinking and behavior by combo of the reversal of self-defeated thinking with efforts to modify behavior. - Methods: Behavioral and Cognitive techniques |
| Other types of therapy | - Group - Family |
| Common factors amongst effective therapies | 1. A hope for demoralized people. 2. A new perspective. 3. An empathic, trusting and caring relationship. |
| Psychopharmacology | the study of drug effects on mind and behavior. |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | - Classical (typical): removes positive symptoms - atypical: removes both positive and negative symptons |
| Antianxiety Drugs | Antianxiety drugs (Xanax and Ativan) depress the reduce anxiety by elevating the levels of the GABA neurotransmitter. |
| Antidepressant Drugs | Antidepressant drugs like Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) that improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake. |
| Biological / Neuropsychological perspective | How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| Psychodynamic / Psychoanalytic perspective | How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts - Includes inner fears, instincts, and drives |
| Humanistic perspective | Emphasized our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance - Reaching our fullest potential and ideal self - Need for environment to foster self-growth |
| Behaviorist perspective | Focus on how observable responses are learned - Learning principles such as reward and punishment |
| Cognitive perspective | How we encode, process, and retrieve information |
| Evolutionary perspective | How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of genes - Behavior that increases chance of survival and reproduction |
| Social-cultural perspective | How behavior and thinking vary with the situation and culture. - cultural rules and values affect people's development, behavior, and feelings |
| Independent Variable (IV) | the experimental factor that the research manipulates or changes |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | the variable being measured |
| Case Study | a single person is studied in depth in the hope of finding universal principles |
| Correlational Method | Two or more variables are measured and the relationship between them is assessed |
| Experiment | Assesses cause-effect relationships by: - manipulating one or more variable - controlling other variables - measuring outcome variables |
| 2 obligations or psychologist | 1. Enhance understanding and improve well being 2. Protect rights of participants |
| Ethical Issues | - Informed consent - Invasion of Privacy - Coercion to participate - Physical and mental stress - Deception - Debriefing - Confidentiality |
| BF Skinner | - Behaviorist - Studied Operant Conditioning - Rat pushes lever for food. - Reinforcement schedules, etc... |
| Maslow | - Humanist - Maslow's Heirarchy - Self Actualization |
| Bandura | - Socio-cultural - social Learning - Bobo the doll |
| Zimbardo | - Social-Learning - Stanford prison experiment - roles determine your behavior |
| Milgram | - Shock Study - Obedience |
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