1.
active site: -the site where the substrate binds to the enzymes
2.
Alternative Splicing: -different combinations of exons from a single gene can be joined to build a number of different mRNA's for a different number of proteins
3.
anaplasia: -cells remain immature after division
4.
animal cells: -membrane forms a "cleavage furrow"
-cell pinches in two
5.
Apoptosis: -cell suicide
-digests itself from the inside out
6.
asexual reproduction: the donation of genetic information from one parent
-in single-celled organisms, mitosis and binary fission are means of this
7.
Benign Tumors: -do not invade or destroy normal cells and do not spread
8.
Carcinogens: -mutagens that cause cancer
9.
catalysts: -chemicals that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions
-are used and re-used
-production is under DNA control
10.
Cell Division: -the ability to grow and reproduce
11.
Competitive Inhibition: the inhibitors closely resemble the substrate, bind to the active site of the enzyme, and block the substrate from binding
12.
cytokinesis: -roughly divides the cytoplasm and its contents in half
13.
Determination: -daughter cells decide what type of cell to become(by what genes they express)
14.
Differentiation: -when the daughter cell has become a specific cell type
15.
DNA: -passes genetic information to the next generation
-controls the synthesis of proteins
(is able to accomplish these things because of its unique structure)
-double stranded, held together by hydrogen bonds b/w the bases
16.
DNA Code: the order of bases in DNA molecules is the genetic information that codes for proteins
-A, C, G, T,(U)
17.
DNA Polmerase: -involved in copying of DNA in the nucleus(glycogen synthetase)
-builds the new DNA strands that will pair with each old DNA strand
18.
DNA Replication: -before cell division
-provides the new cells with a copy of the genetic information
-relies on the base pairing rules*
19.
dysplasia: -cells mature but are abnormal
20.
Elognation: -when the ribosome coordinates a recurring series of events
21.
enzymatic competition: -enzyme seeks the same substrate and each one converts it to a different product
-the enzyme that wins is the one that is the most abundant at the time
22.
enzymes: -catalytic proteins(all in in -ase)
-lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions
-have a specific shape that fits within the substrate shape
23.
eukaryotic cells: -pass thru stages between their birth and the next time they divide
-a continuous process
-includes interphase and mitosis
24.
FAD and NAI: -vitamin B2 is made into FAD
-Niacin is made into NAD
25.
Helicase: -binds to the DNA and forms a replication bubble by separating the two strands
26.
homologous chromosomes: -have the same order of genes along their DNA
-are the same size, have the centromere in the same location
27.
hyperplasia: -abnormally rapid growth, benign or malignant
28.
induced fit: -the enzyme(substrate) binds to the active site where the enzyme changes its shape to fit it perfectly
29.
Inhibitors: -molecules that attach to the enzymes and make them unable to bind to the substrate
30.
Initiation: -when the smaller ribosomal subunit binds to specific signal sequenceof codons on the mRNA
31.
Malignant Tumors: -destroy normal cells and spread at origin and to other sites
32.
Metastasis: -spread and invade through the bloodstream and through the lymphatic system
33.
Mutagens: -agents that damage DNA
34.
mutation: -the change in the DNA sequence of an organism
35.
Negative Feedback Inhibition: occurs within the enzyme, catalyzed reactions occur in a sequence, endproduct binds to earlier enzyme to stop the reaction
36.
Neoplasia: -new growth, often cancerous
37.
nonhomologous chromosomes: -have different order of genes along their DNA
38.
nucleic acid: -large polymers made up of nucleotides
39.
Nucleotides: each is made up of:
1) sugar
2) phosphate group
3) nitrogenous base
40.
plant cells: -cell plate is formed to build a cell wall
41.
Protein Synthesis: -the sequence of nucleotides in a gene dictates the order of amino acids in a protein
42.
proto-oncogenes: encourages cell divisions
43.
Reproduction: -binary fission in prokaryotes
44.
Reproduction Division: chromosome number reduced from diploid to haploid
45.
RNA: -has a ribose sugar
-carries information, single stranded
-made in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm
46.
sexual reproduction: -involves the donation of genetic information from two parents
47.
substrates: -the reactants in an enzyme-catalyst reaction
48.
Termination: when the ribosome adds one amino acid after another to the growing protein unless it encounters a stop codon
49.
Transcription: -the process of making mRNA from DNA
-occurs in the nucleus
-seperates the two strands of DNA
50.
Translation: -makes proteins from mRNA
-occurs in ribosomes( Rough ER or Cytoplasm)
51.
tumor-suppressor genes: -discourages division
52.
Tumors: -cell masses that can interfere with normal body functions
53.
Turnover Number: -the rate at which the enzyme can bind to a substrate
