Science chapters 1-6
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thebass13 on December 13, 2011
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Emma and Meredith's mid-term study group, Quizzes, tests, mid-terms, and finals, quiz, tests, mid-terms/finals, Aos 2013
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76 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 life science | the study of all living things |
| scientific method | a series of steps followed to solve problems |
| hypothesis | an explaination that is baced on prior scientific reasearch or observations and that can be tested |
| controlled experiment | an experiment that only tests one factor at a time by useing a comparison of a control group with an exparimental group |
| variable | a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis |
| model | a pattern, plan, representation, or discription designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system or concept. |
| theory | an explanation that ties together many hypothesis and explainations |
| law | a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work |
| technology | the application of science for practical purposes; the use of tools, machines, materials, and processes to meet human needs |
| compound light microscope | an instument that maginifies small objects so that they can be seen easily by useing two or more lenses |
| electron microscope | a microscope that focuses a beam of electrons to maginfy objects |
| area | a measure of a surface or region |
| volume | a measure of a body or region in three demintional space |
| mass | the measure of the amount of matter in an object |
| temperature | a measure of how hot or cold something is |
| cell | the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrain and have dna and cytoplasm |
| stimulus | anything that causes a reaction or change an organisum or any part of an organisum. |
| homeostasis | the maintnance of a constant internal state in a changeing environment |
| sexual reproduction | reproduction in which the sex cells from two parents unite, producing offsping that share traits from both parents. |
| sexual reproduction | reproductin that does not involve the unionof sex cells andin which one parent produces offspiring identical to itself |
| heredity | the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring. |
| metabolism | the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organisum. |
| producer | an organisum that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings |
| consumer | an organisum that eats other oganisums or organic matter |
| decomposer | an organisum that gets energy by breaking down remains of dead organisms or or animal wasts and consuming or absorbing the nutrients |
| protein | a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body stuctures and to regulate processes in the body |
| carbohydrate | a class of energy giving nutrients that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen |
| lipid | a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water; fats and steriods are lipids |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that acts as the main energy source for for cell processes (in the mitochondria) |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a sturctual component in cell membrains |
| nuecleic acid | a molecule made up of subunits called nuecleotides |
| cell membrain | a phospholipid layer that covers a cells surface; acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and a cells environment. |
| organelle | one of the small bodies in a cells cytoplasm that are speciize to prerform a specific function |
| nuecleus | in a eukaryotic cell, a membrain bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction. |
| prokaryote | an organisum that consists of a single cell and does not have a nuecleus |
| eukaryote | an organisum made up of cells thathave a nuecleus enclosed by a membrain; eukaryotes include animals, plants, or fungi,but not archaea or bacteria |
| cell wall | a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrain and provides support to the cell in plant cells only |
| ribosome | cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protien syntheisis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membrains that is found in a cells cytoplasmand that assists in the production, processing and transporting of proteins and in the production of lipids. |
| mitochondrion | in eukaryotic cells the cell organelle is surounded by two membrains and that is the site of cellular resparation. |
| golgi complex | cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell |
| vesicle | a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell |
| lysosome | a cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes |
| tissue | a group of simular cells that perform a common function |
| organ | a collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to form body functions |
| organism | a living thing; any thing that can carry out life processes on its own |
| structure | the arrangemant of parts in an organism |
| function | the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or part |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from regions of higher density to regions of lower density |
| osmosis | the diffution of water through a semipermiable membrain |
| passive transport | the movement of substances accros a cell membrain without the use of energy by the cell |
| active transport | the movement of substances accros a cell membrain that reqires the cell to use energy |
| endocytosis | a process in which a cell membrain surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell |
| exocytosis | the process in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that then move to the cell surface and fuses with the cell membrain. |
| photosynthesis | the process by which plants, alge, and some bacteria use sunlight carbon dioxide and water to make food. |
| cellular respiration | the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food |
| fermintation | the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen |
| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell |
| chromosome | in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nuecleus that are made up of dna and protien; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of dna |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure |
| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same numer of chromosomes |
| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoplasum of the cell |
| heredity | the passing of genetic traits from parent to ofspring |
| dominate trait | the trait that completly masks the recessive trait |
| recessive trait | a trait that is completely covered by the dominate trait |
| gene | one set of instructions for an inherited trait |
| allele | one of the alternative forms of agene that govern a characteristic, such as hair color |
| phenotype | an organisms appearance or other detectible characteristic |
| genotype | the entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more traits |
| meiosis | a process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreses to half the originalnumber by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells |
| sex chromosome | one of the pairs of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual |
| pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurence of a genetic trait in several generations in a family |
| DNA | DeoxyriboNucleic Acid, a molecule that is present in all living cellsand that contains all the information that determinds the traits that a living thinginharits and needs to live. |
| nuecleotide | in a nucleic- acid chain a subunit that consits of a sugar, aphospate and a nitrogenous base |
| mutation | a change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule. |
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