9th Biology
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Created by:
callaclinee on December 13, 2011
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84 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 4 characteristics of life | 1. all of life is composed of cells. 2. all of life acquires and uses energy. 3. all of life can grow. 4. all of life can evolve. |
| control group | used as a standard that other groups can compare too. |
| test groups | used to test your hypothesis |
| sample size | how many "things" are in each treatment group |
| independent variable | the thing that is manipulated in the experiment |
| dependent variable | the thing that is measured during the experiment (the data collected) |
| controlled variables | the conditions that are the same among all the treatment groups |
| on a line graph, the _________ variable goes on the left and the ___________ variable goes on the bottom right. | dependent. independent. |
| morphology | the study of forms or structures. |
| systematist | biologist who studies the relationships among groups of different organisms. |
| lineage | a group of closely related individuals, species, genera, depicted as a branch on an evolutionary tree. |
| shared derived features | a feature unique to a common ancestor that is passed down to all of its descendence clearly defining them as a group. |
| convergent features | a feature shared by two groups of organisms not because it was inherited from a common ancestor, but because it arose independently in the two groups. |
| linnaen hierarchy | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. |
| domains | level of biological classification above kingdom. the three domains are: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. |
| Fungi are composed of cells called ______, and _____. | hyphae, septa. |
| mycelium | the collection of all hyphae cells. (below ground) |
| fruting body | above ground and contains spores. |
| paracitic | live off of living organisms. |
| asexual | without sex. (budding, fragmentation) |
| 5 types of fungi | chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, deuteromycota, and basidiomycota. |
| hemiparasitic | half way parasitic |
| holoparasitic | all the way parasitic |
| in mosses and liverworts, male parts called __________ produce flagellated sperm. Female parts called __________ produce eggs. | Antheridia. Archegonia. |
| Gymnosperm also stands for _____ ____. | Naked seed. |
| pollination | process of pollen reaching receptive stigma. |
| fertilization | process of pollen (sperm) combining with egg & forms an embryo. |
| germination | process of the seed actively growing. (usually requires absorption of water) |
| porifera also stands for ____ _______. | pore-bearing. |
| arthropoda also stands for ______ ____. | joined foot. |
| elements | substances consisting of only one type of atom. |
| octet rule | atoms need to fill their outermost e- shells (energy shells) with 8e- only 2e- fit in the first shell. |
| 6 elements that make up 93% of our mass | Carbon (CO2, CH2). Oxygen. Hydrogen. Nitrogen. Phosphorus. Sulfur. |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved |
| solvent | the substance that does the dissolving. |
| electronegativity | a mesure of an atoms ability to pull electrons away from other atoms. |
| 3 types of bonds | Ionic bonds, covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. |
| 3 examples of lipids | fatty acids, oils, waxes. |
| hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| hydrophilic | water-loving |
| amphipathic | have opposing characteristics, they are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic. |
| steroids | lipids composed of four linked rings of carbon atoms. "your hormones are steroids." |
| adenosine | ATP |
| Nucleus | bound by a membrane, separate the genetic material from the rest of the cell. the only thing that leaves the nucleus is messenger RNA. |
| Nucleolus | small, darkly staining area within the nucleus. contains nucleotides of RNA. |
| endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
| mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| lysosome | an organelle found in the cytoplasm of most cells |
| vesicles | small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell. |
| ribosomes | small round structures that make proteins |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
| intermediate filaments | act as a support structure & provides framework for organelles to attach to |
| microfilaments | thin protein fibers composed of actin. allows the cell to move |
| cilia | short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell |
| flagella | long projections on a cell's surface whose whip like movement helps move the cell |
| cell wall | strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| chloroplasts | organelles that capture the energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis |
| central vacuole | A membranous sac in a mature plant cell with diverse roles in reproduction, growth, and development. |
| prokaryotes | single-celled organisms that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus |
| osmosis | diffusion of water |
| tonicity | determines the direction that water will move. the concentration of solutes in a solution |
| hypertonic | higher concentration of solutes |
| hypotonic | lower concentration of solutes |
| endocytosis | inside the cell |
| exocytosis | outside the cell |
| 1st law of Thermodynamics | energy cant be created or destroyed |
| 2nd law of Thermodynamics | with every energy conversion the quality of energy decreases |
| metabolism | the sum of all the chemical reactions that take place in an organism. |
| mitosis | part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides |
| interphase | the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions |
| prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell |
| anaphase | the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle |
| telophase | the final stage of mitosis or meiosis, during which a nuclear membrane forms around each set of new chromosomes |
| cell cycle | series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide |
| meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| diploid | a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| haploid | an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes |
| genes | sections of DNA that encode for proteins. |
| alleles | different forms of the same genes |
| law of segregation | alleles go into different gametes during meiosis |
| dihybrid cross | crossing 2 traits which the parents are heterozygous for both traits |
| law of independent assortment | the alleles for the photo types of one trait will be distributed into gametes regardless of how the other alleles are distributed. |
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