| Term | Definition |
|---|
| states' rights | the belief that state power is greater than federal power |
| Emancipation Proclamation | decreed that slaves were free in areas rebelling against the United States |
| March to the Sea | Sherman's fierce drive through the South |
| Dred Scott Decision | Supreme Court decision that ruled slaves were not U.S. citizens |
| Freedmen's Bureau | organization created by the U.S. Congress to give legal aid to former slaves |
| carpetbaggers | northerners who moved to the South after the War |
| 15th Amendment | gave suffrage to African American men |
| 14th Amendment | guaranteed citizenship and equal rights to African Americans |
| Battle of Palo Duro Canyon | battle which finally defeated the Texas Plains Indians by wiping out their horses, villages, and supplies |
| Quanah Parker | Comanche leader whose mother was a captured settelr |
| cotton | the South's greatest resource for trade with the world |
| Southern advantages | possessed skilled military men and could fight a defensive war |
| Vicksburg | Grant's army and a fleet of ironclad ships split the Confederacy in two with the capture of this city |
| Salt Creek Raid | convinced the war department that Indians must be forced onto reservations |
| Destruction of the bufallo | development of new tanning technology and a market for hides in the East |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Kanas and Nebraska were given the choice of entering the U.S. as a free or slave states by this |
| John Brown | was hanged for treason after his raid on a federal armory |
| South Carolina | first state to secede from the Union after Lincoln's election |
| Juneteenth | a Texas celebration that marks the freeing of slaves there |
| Reconstruction | the process of reuniting the nation and rebuilding southern states that lasted from 1865-1877 |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
| Andrew Johnson | became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln |
| Indian Territory | Indians were eventually forced to move onto reservations here |
| buffalo soldiers | a term used by American Indians to describe African American soldiers in the U.S. Army |
| Society of Friends | members of a religious group that were selected to be Indian agents for the U.S. government |
| cattle drives | herding groups of cattle to market |
| Sedalia Trail | early trail which led to central Missouri |
| rustlers | theives |
| King Ranch | very important South Texas Ranch; the owners of this ranch donated land for the towns of Kingsville and Raymondville |
| remuda | herd of horses taht accompanied a cattle drive |
| Chisholm Trail | trail from South Texas to Abilene, Kansas |
| XIT Ranch | Pnahandle ranch bought for the cost of a new state capitol building in Austin |
| Bose Ikard | African American trail driver and rancher |
| Western Trail | trail leading from Kerrville to Dodge City |
| Joseph F. Glidden | Illinois farmer who invented who invented barbed wire |
| range wars | armed conflict over fencing and sheep that erupted in the 1880s |
| open range | unfenced lands that made it possible to drive cattle over much of Texas |
| brands | marks that made it possible to determine who owned Texas cattle |
| longhorn | a cross between Spanish and English cattle |
| wrangler | took care of horse herds that accompanied trail drives |
| JA | ranch established by Charles Goodnight in Palo Duro Canyon |
| windmills | allowed farming to expand in the Panhandle because these brought up water from the Ogallala Aquifer |
| railroad | it became possible to ship large numbers of cattle to eastern markets this came to Dodge City and Abilene |
| Cattle Kingdom | ranches on the open range from Texas to Canada; began to disappear after fences began to close in the open range |
| Cattle numbers during the Civil War | grew substantially because although demand for beef increased, Union blockades made it diffiult to move cattle to markets outside the state |
| Tejanos | the first ranchers in Texas who brought their knowledge of ranching Mexico |
| cowboy culture | popularized by inexpensive novels that glorified cowboy life |
| sheep herding | turned to in parts of Texas that were too rugged and dry for cattle |
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