Chapter 14 Social Studies
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emilyfraher on April 13, 2009
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45 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 crusades | A series of military expeditions to regain the Holy Land (Jerusalem) from the Turks, started by Pope Urban II; crusaders went to save their souls, or to gain land and wealth |
| First Crusade | The only crusade to successfully capture the Holy Land for a time, but crusaders killed many Muslims and Jews within Jerusalem. |
| Children's Crusade | Saddest crusade when young people tried to get to the Holy Land but most died or were put into slavery. |
| Second Crusade | Two kings led this crusade but failed to recapture any city in Holy Land so they came home in disgrace. |
| Third Crusade | Three kings led this crusade, but one drowned and the other two quarreled; then King Richard made a truce with Muslim leader, Saladin. |
| Fourth Crusade | Group of French knights attacked Christian cities: Zadar (powerful trade center) and Constantinople so Pope Innocent III excommunicated them. |
| Holy Land | Jerusalem (and the surrounding cities and land) |
| Crusade Results | Kings gained power and crusades brought Europeans and Asians a renewed interest in trade. |
| barter economy | Goods and services were exchanged/traded for other goods & services (money not used) |
| domestic system | Manufacturing that took place in workers' homes rather than in a shop or factory |
| medieval bankers | made loans (and charged interest) and exchanged money currencies |
| capital | Wealth/money that is earned, saved and invested to make profits |
| market economy | Economy in which manufacturing, banking, and investing capital are controlled by individual persons. |
| merchant guild | included all skilled workers in a town; protected their trade rights and helped in times of need |
| master | A guild member that made a masterpiece & could open his own shop |
| craft guild | Skilled workers of a single type of craft joined together to form a guild, setting rules for wages, hours, and working conditions |
| apprentice | A boy, whose parents paid a master to house, feed, clothe and train the boy who wished to join a craft guild |
| journeyman | Skilled adult worker who was paid wages by a master |
| fairs | A place where people exchange or buy goods; also became a social event with entertainment |
| education | At first only a few nobles and clergy received an education, but later universities taught many in England and Italy (math, religion, medicine, latin) |
| middle class | Merchants and master workers made up the middle class that favored the kings who protected trade, business and property over nobles and the church |
| Black Death | A terrible plague (disease) that swept through Europe from fleas on rats, killing 1/3 to 1/2 of the population |
| Townspeople's rights | Townspeople had freedom, their own courts, could trade in their town market, & never had to work on the manors. |
| vernacular languages | Everyday speech that varied from place to place spoken by people with little education |
| troubadour | Traveling singer who wrote poems about love and chivalry |
| scientific advancements | There church allowed only a few medieval improvements in farming, math and optics |
| Dante | Used vernacular language in his book THE DIVINE COMEDY and became known as the father of the Italian language |
| Geoffrey Chaucer | English diplomat who wrote THE CANTERBURY TALES, using vernacular language (of the English) |
| scholasticism | Philosophy of faith and reason |
| Thomas Aquinas | Greatest medieval philosopher and a monk who wrote SUMMA THEOLOGIAE that said science and reason do not conflict with faith |
| Gothic | new style of medieval architecture where churches had high walls, tall spires, flying buttresses and stained glass windows |
| Hundred Years' War | series of conflicts between France and England over land and who would be king |
| Joan of Arc | young French girl that led thousands of French into battle against the English and won. Later captured, executed and became a saint. |
| Strong Governments | While France, England and Spain became powerful nations with strong kings, Italy and Germany (Holy Roman Empire) remained weak |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | King and Queen who united Spain but started the Spanish Inquisition |
| Habsburg family | European family that gained power through arranged marriages to become very strong Holy Roman Emperors |
| Babylonian Captivity | Name for the years that the popes were forced to live in Avignon, France and not in Rome, Italy |
| John Wycliffe | Priest that criticized the church for immorality and pope's leadership; was called a heretic and exiled. |
| Great Schism | Period of time during which there were 2-3 popes at one time |
| Louis XI | The strong king that united France and gained power for the monarchy |
| Results of the Hundred Year's War | France won, but much of their land was destroyed. England's Parliament became strong and cannons and long bows were used for the 1st time |
| Muhammad | The prophet and founder of Islam around 610 in the Arabian Peninsula (Middle East) |
| Muslim | Follower of Islam who worship the Qur'an in a mosque and follow the Five Pillars of Islam |
| Italy | Had leading trading cities between Europe and the Holy land because it was in the middle |
| medieval town | Gave citizens rights but had no lord to protect them. They were also dirty, dark and polluted. |
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