| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Fritz Fischer | Claimed that Germany was solely to blame for WW1 |
| Three Emperors League | 1873: Germany, Russia, Austro-Hungry, |
| Triple Alliance | 1882: Germany, Austro-Hungry, Italy |
| Franco Russian Alliance | 1894 |
| Entente Cordiale | 1904: GB and France |
| GB and Russia | 1907 |
| First, Second and Third Balkan Wars | 1912, 1913, July 28th 1914 |
| June 28th 1914 | Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Heir to Serbian throne, Sophie, in Sarajevo by Garrilo Princip, Blackhand Gang |
| Schlieffen Plan | Created in 1905 by Count Alfred Von Schlieffen, Germany would fight a two front war vs. Russia and France. Put into effect Aug 4. 1914 |
| France 1915 | Never gained more that 3 miles in any one place, 1 430 000 people died. |
| Verdun | Feb 1916 WWI's bloodiest battle |
| Somme | June 1916 heaviest loss in a single day. 110 000 attacked, 60 000 wounded or dead. |
| March 1918 | Treaty of Brest Litovsk |
| April 6 1917 | America's declaration of war |
| Populist movement | University students who "went to the people" dressed like peasants |
| People's Will | Radical populists morph into the people's will and murder Tsar Alex the II |
| 1898(Russia) | Russian social democratic party founded |
| Mensheviks | Minority, capitalism before socialism. democratic party |
| Bolsheviks | Majority, no waiting, revolution on behalf of working class, led by Lenin. |
| Bloody Sunday | Jan 9, 1905, 400,000 workers gather for peaceful protest, 150 are killed |
| Concessions | Duma Oct 1905, male suffrage, limited power, political parties legalized, freedom of press, civil liberties |
| March Revolution | March 8th, 1917, bread riot escalades into strikes. |
| March 14th | Tsar abdicates, end of 300 yr Romanov Rule |
| Prov. Gov't Leader | Alexander Kerensky |
| "peace land bread" | promises of the bolsheviks |
| Nov 7th 1917 | armed bolsheviks occupy key positions in Petrograd |
| fascism: | cultural pessimism, anti-enlightenment, action heroism, anti liberal, nationalist, anti communist |
| Mussolini | Born 1883, in Switzerland becomes infected with Socialism |
| Fasci Italiani de Combatimento | 30, 000 in 1920. 300, 000 in 1922. made up to bourgousie nationalists, war veterans, industrialists, land owners, lower middle class, students and elite. Wanted to prevent communism. |
| March on Rome | King Victor Emmanuel III, Mussolini becomes PM |
| Italy is Majority Fascists | 1924, Mussolini begins to win over the hearts and minds of people, Propaganda control. |
| Lateran Accords | 1929, religious teaching mandatory, independence of Vatican. |
| CEDA | right-wing coalition led by Jose Maria Gilrobies |
| July 1936 | General Franciso Franco leads military officers (nationalists) attempting a coup d'etat vs gov't (republicans/loyalists) |
| "international brigades" | 40 000 people world wide signed up to fight right wing spain. Over 1/2 million deaths, many priests murdered by loyalists |
| The Falange | 5 arrows, Primo de Rivera, blue shirts |
| 2 men who run German politics | Generals von Hindenburg and Lundendorff |
| Nov 9th 1918 | End of monarchy with Emperor Whilelm being dethroned, Fredrich Ebert names head of Gov |
| Nov 11 1918 | armistice signed for WWI, 2 mil Germans killed, 4.2 wounded. |
| Treaty of Versialles | People in germany upset it was not held in neutral location. Big 4 were France, USA GB and Italy |
| Aims of T of V | Punishment, Payment and Prevention |
| NSDAP | National Socialist German Workers Party |
| Hitler: Chairman 1921 | Lebensraum, anit bolshevinism, overturn versialle, race, jews |
| SA | 1920 "bouncers", brownshirts, kept people out |
| SS | 1923 "body guards" protection for hitler |
| Beer Hall Putsch | Nov 9, 1923, like MArch on Rome, basically Nazi party emerges |
| October 24, 1929 | Black Thursday |
| Path to War | Austria, Czechoslovakia (Sudetenland), Poland |
| Non Aggression PAct | Aug 23, 1939 |
| Operation Barbarossa | Turning Point: June 22, 1941 |
| Battle at Stalingrad | Nov 1942- Feb 1943 |
| America Enters WWII | Dec 7 1941 |
| VE DAY | May 8/9 1944 |
| Twisted road to Auschwitz | Functionalist |
| Straight road | Intentionalist |
| Stages in Holocaust | emigration, deportation, Einsatzgruippen, gas vans, factories of death |
| Whites | Reactionary, Tsarists, Old russian army |
| Reds | Lenin, Bolsheviks |
| Spring 1921 | Reds defeat whites |
| NEP | limited economic freedom, banks nationalized, turn away from marxists doctrine |
| Stalins Revolution | 1927, 5 year plans, no more NEP, collectivization, Kulaks, |
| The Great Purges | 1930's 8 mil arrested |
| What the Russians called WWII | The Great PAtriotic War of the Fatherland |
| Cold War | 1947-1989 buffer zone |
| Truman Doctrine | US policy of containment |
| Marshal Plan | European Economic Recovery 13 billion |
| WEST and EAST Germany | FGR and GDR brain drain |
| Berlin wall | 1961 August 13th "anti Fascist protectionist wall" |
| Prague Spring Uprising | 1968 |
| Glasnost, Perestroika | Openness and Restructuring |
| (N)ostalgie | loss of security, longing for the past |
| Economic Miricle | WIRTSCHAFTWUNDER |
| OEEC | 1948 Organization of Europe Economic Cooperation |
| Maustricht Treaty | European Union, Adopted June 19, 1922 |
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