Integrated Life Science Unit 2
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AshleyNadineWilson on December 13, 2011
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Vocab for Unit 2, fall 2011
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131 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Chromosome | a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order |
| Dosage Compensation | One X in female stops working |
| Random Fertilization | ... |
| Homologous Chromosome | ... |
| Barr Body | A dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in female mammalian cells, representing an inactivated X chromosome. |
| Independent Assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| Diploid Number | ... |
| SRY gene | the sex determining region of the Y chromosome in males. Encodes the testis-determining factor, which turns the primordial gonads into the testes |
| Spermatogenesis | development of spermatozoa |
| Haploid Number | The number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell |
| Interphase | period of the cell cycle between cell divisions |
| Oogenesis | development of ova |
| Somatic Cell | any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells |
| S Phase | The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated. |
| Fertilization | creation by the physical union of male and female gametes |
| Gamete | a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
| Mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| Zygote | the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell) |
| Autosome | any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome |
| Prophase | the first stage of mitosis, the first stage of meiosis |
| Embryo | an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life |
| Sex Chromosomes | one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the human, contains genes that will determine the sex of the individual |
| Metaphase | the second stage of mitosis, the second stage of meiosis |
| Genetics | the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms |
| Karyotype | the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes) |
| Anaphase | the stage of meiosis or mitosis when chromosomes move toward opposite ends of the nuclear spindle |
| Heredity | the biological process whereby genetic factors are transmitted from one generation to the next |
| Edwin Chargaff | found that Adenine pairs with Thymine, and Cytosine pairs with Guanine. (Chargaff's Rules), |
| Telophase | the final stage of mitosis, the final phase of meosis |
| Allele | one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits |
| Rosalind Franklin | Woman who generated x-ray images of DNA, she povided Watson and Crick with key data about DNA |
| Spindle | (biology) tiny fibers that are seen in cell division |
| Genotype | the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism |
| James Watson | United States geneticist who (with Crick in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1928) |
| Equator | a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into two usually equal and symmetrical parts |
| Phenotype | what an organism looks like as a consequence of its genotype |
| Francis Crick | English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1916) |
| Centromere | a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape |
| Homozygous | having identical alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci |
| Nucleotide | a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside |
| Chromatid | one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis |
| Heterozygous | having dissimilar alleles at corresponding chromosomal loci |
| Duplicated Chromosome | a chromosome that is composed of two sister chromatids held together in a centromere |
| Dominant | trait that will show up in an organism's phenotype if gene is present |
| Sugar-phosphate Backbone | the alternating chain of sugar and phosphate to which the DNA and RNA nitrogenous bases are attached |
| Sister Chromatids | identical copies of a chromosome; full sets of these are created during the S(DNA replication) subphase of interphase |
| Recessive | The inherited characteristic often masked by the dominant characteristic and not seen in an organism. |
| Double Helix | a pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis |
| Cytokinesis | organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells |
| Hybrid | an organism that is the offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock |
| DNA Replication | process by which DNA is copied in a cell before a cell divides by mitosis, meiosis, or binary fission |
| Cleavage Furrow | The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate. |
| Gregor Mendel | Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884) |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| Cell Plate | ... |
| Gene Segregation | ... |
| DNA Ligase | an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments |
| Binary fission | a form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size |
| Independent Assortment | ... |
| Mutation | (genetics) any event that changes genetic structure |
| Benign Tumor | A mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin |
| Monohybrid Cross | hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) |
| Substitution | an event in which one thing is substituted for another |
| Malignant Tumor | a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body |
| Dihybrid Cross | hybridization using two traits with two alleles each |
| Insertion | A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene. |
| Proto-oncogene | a gene that regulates normal cell division but that can become a cancer-causing oncogene as a result of mutation or recombination |
| Test cross | the crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype |
| Deletion | the loss of a part of DNA from a chromosome |
| Oncogene | a gene that causes normal cells to change into cancerous tumor cells |
| Multiple Alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait |
| Frame Shift | DNA mutation in which a nucleotide or nucleotides (other than three in number) are added to or taken from the chain so that subsequent codons are read incorrectly |
| Tumor Supressor Gene | a gene that produces proteins that prevent uncontrolled cell growth |
| Codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| Sickle Cell Anemia | A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape |
| Checkpoint Gene | Its protein product can help delay, advance, or block cell cycle. |
| Incomplete Dominance | one allele is not completely dominant over the other allele |
| Ionizing Radiation | radiation w/enough energy to free electrons from atoms forming ions, may cause cancer (ex. gamma, X-rays, UV). |
| BRCA Gene | A gene that has a mutation that increases the risk of ovarian and breast cancer |
| Blood Type Inheritance | multiple alleles- blood types' possible alleles are IA, IB, and i so it has more than three possible alleles for every bloodtype genotype codominance- its possible to have blood type "AB" which means that one would produce both A and B bloodcells equally |
| Nonionizing Radiation | Forms of radiant energy such as radio waves, microwaves, infrared light, and ordinary light that do not have enough energy to cause ionization of atoms in living tissue. Compare ionizing radiation. |
| Neoplasm | an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose |
| Epistasis | the suppression of a gene by the effect of an unrelated gene |
| Gene Expression | conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein |
| Metastasize | the process by which cancer spreads from one place to another |
| Pleitrophy | ablilty of a single gene to have multiple phenotypic effects |
| Coding DNA | sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures |
| Radiation Therapy | the application of cell-destroying radiation to kill cancerous tissues |
| Polygenic Inheritance | combined effect of two or more genes on a single character |
| Non-coding DNA | regions of DNA that do not code for proteins |
| Chemotherapy | the use of chemical agents to treat or control disease (or mental illness) |
| Environmental Influence | Traits that are genetic, but can be altered by the environment |
| Spacer DNA | non-coding DNA; consists of DNA sequences between coding DNA |
| Meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| Twin Studies | a common method of investigating whether nature or nurture affects behavior |
| Intron | sequence of a eukaryotic gene's DNA that is not translated into a protein |
| Gonad | a gland in which gametes (sex cells) are produced |
| Sex Determination | individuals either develop into male (y) or female (x) depending which the sperm is carrying |
| Transposon | a segment of DNA that can become integrated at many different sites along a chromosome (especially a segment of bacterial DNA that can be translocated as a whole) |
| Crossing Over | the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis |
| Sex-Linked Genes | a gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome |
| Exon | sequence of a gene's DNA that transcribes into protein structures |
| Independent Assortment | the random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes |
| Genetic Abnormality | a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically |
| DNA Packaging | Chromatin tightly wound and bound to histone proteins/ physically limits access for transcription |
| Random Fertilization | source of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations |
| Genetic Disorder | a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically |
| Housekeeping Gene | a gene that has an essential role in the maintenance of cellular activities and is expressed by most cells in the body |
| Meiosis 1 | homologous chromosomes seperate |
| Syndrome | a group of symptoms or signs that collectively characterize or indicate a disease, disorder, abnormality, etc. |
| Homeotic Gene | one the genes that are involved in embryologic development |
| Meiosis 2 | separates the homologous pairs into chromosomes so that they can go to each new gamete |
| Carrier | a person who has some pathogen to which he is immune but who can pass it on to others |
| Gene Cascade | Genes are turned on and off, one after another in a sequence like falling dominoes. |
| Crossing Over | the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis |
| Lethal Genes | a combination of alleles that causes death |
| Differentiation | (biology) the structural adaptation of some body part for a particular function |
| Recombinant DNA | genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms |
| Pedigrees | a chart that shows a trait in a family and how it is inherited |
| Gene Knockout | Genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism's genes are prevented from being expressed |
| Genetic Variation | the number and frequency of alleles that are present in a particular population |
| Nondisjunction | meiosis in which there is a failure of paired homologous chromosomes to separate |
| Aneuploidy | an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete) |
| Polyploidy | A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than two complete chromosome sets. |
| Parental Diagnosis | Medical examination of the womb |
| Amniocentesis | (pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities |
| Chorionic Villi Sampling | a procedure in which the chorionic villi are analyzed to diagnose fetal genotypes |
| Fetoscopy | prenatal diagnosis that allows direct observation of a fetus in the uterus and the withdrawal of fetal blood |
| Preimplantation Diagnosis | is a technique used to identify genetic defects in embryos created through in vitro fertilization (IVF) before transferring them into the uterus |
| Genetic Screening | an examination of a person's genetic makeup |
| Phenotypic Treatments | symptoms of many genetic disorders can be minimized or supressed by: dietary controls, adjustments to environmental conditions, surgery or hormonal treatments |
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