| Term | Definition |
|---|
| ATP | the 3 mechanisms for ___ synthesis 1) Oxidative phosphorylation 2) Photophosphorylation 3) Substrate-level phosphorylation |
| oxidation-reduction | all ATP synthesis rxns depend on ____-______ reactions |
| mitochondria | oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the ___________ |
| OM | the mitochondrial __ possesses water-filled channels formed by proteins |
| IM | the mitochondrial __ does not possess general pores. impermeable to almost all chemical species unless there's a membrane protein for it |
| IM | the ETC and ATP synthase is found on the mitochondrial __ |
| oxidative | 3 important electron donors for ______ phosphorylation 1) NADH 2) Succinate 3) L3P |
| ETC | oxidation of NADH, Succinate and L3P by O2 is catalyzed by the protein complexes embedded in the ___ |
| ATP | synthesis of ATP is catalyzed by the enzyme ___ synthase |
| HEI | the H+ electroconcentration gradient serves as the ___ for oxidative phosphorylation |
| transduction | energy _____ is the changing the source of energy into another |
| cannot | energy ___ (can/cannot) be changed into another form with 100% efficiency |
| ATP synthase | H+ gradient + ADP + Pi + H+ -> ATP + H2O is catalyzed by |
| F1 | on ATP synthase, the _____ ( Fo or F1) possesses the active sites of the enzyme |
| Fo | on ATP synthase, the ____ (Fo or F1) possesses the channel for H+ to cross the IMM |
| loose | _____ state for ATP synthase - ADP + Pi bind in active site, no ATP synthesis occurs |
| tight | _____ state for ATP synthase - ATP is synthesized, binds product very tightly |
| open | ____ state for ATP synthase - ATP is released |
| F1 | when 9H+ ions pass through the Fo channel, gamma unit of __ rotates a full 360, causing each active site to pass through O, L, and T states |
| Fo | __ = a + b + c |
| F1 | __ = 3alpha + 3beta + gamma + delta + epsilon |
| O | the H+ transport of H+ gradient is needed to produce ATP to knock the active site of ATP synthase from T state into the _ state |
| unstable | ATP is thermodynamically ______ (stable or unstable) in water |
| stable | ATP is kinetically ______ (stable or unstable) in water |
| prosthetic | _____ groups are chemical entities that allow enzymes to catalyze a wider variety of rxns |
| prosthetic | 3 types of ____ groups associated with ETC 1) Iron-containing 2) Copper-containing 3) Riboflavin-containing |
| iron | ___ forms a part of 2 prosthetic groups 1) Heme and 2) FeS |
| riboflavin | ____ forms a part of 2 prosthetic groups 1) FMN 2) FAD |
| 2 | FMN and FAD donate/accept _e/_H |
| 1 | Heme and FeS donate/accept _e/_H |
| 1 | CuS donate/accept _e/_H |
| I | NADH donates 2e and 1H+ to complex _. one more H+ is donated from the matrix |
| matrix | Succinate is produced in the mitochondrial _______ |
| A | Succinate donates 2e and 2H+ to complex II _ |
| cytosol | L3P is produced in the _____, and diffuses thru OMM pores to the IMM |
| B | L3P donates 2e and 2H+ to complex II_ |
| Q | following Co_, the pathway of electron transfer is same regardless of the electron donor |
| cytochrome | _____ c diffuses along the surface of IMM b/w complex III and IV |
| ETC | ___ decreases the H+ in matrix by 1) Transporting H out 2) Consuming H in matrix |
| NADH | in Complex I, 1H+ is consumed when FMN is reduced by ____ |
| Complex IV | 2H+ is consumed when 1/2O2 is reduced to H2O by _____ _ |
| QH2 | 2H+ is consumed when Complex III is reduced by ___ |
| Q | _ cycle: 2QH2 -> 2Q + 4e + 4H+ |
| conformational | reduction of complex's prosthetic groups cause a ______ change in the complex, exposing them to the IMS where the H+ can leave |
| plant | _____ mitochondria differences 1) 2 other NADH dehydrogenases in addition to Complex I, but don't transport H+ across IMM 2) Active site of one enzyme faces matrix, others face IMS 3 |
| 4 | _H+ are required to enter the matrix to synthesize 1 ATP (3 thru ATPase, 1 through HPi transport protein) |
| positive | dPsi convention - if the C2 is more positive, ____ (positive/negative) |
| ETC | ___ inhibitors 1) Amytal 2) Rotenone 3) Antimycin-A 4) Cyanide (ARAAN) |
| H | _ gradient inhibitors - e.g. DNP, binds H+ in the IMS, permeates the IMM and released H+ in teh matrix |
| ATPase | ______ inhibitors - e.g. Oligomycin, binds to Fo component causing a conformational change which blocks H+ channel |
| ATPase | By blocking H+ movement thru _____ (by Oligomycin), electron transfer from NADH, succinate, and L3P to O2 is also inhibited |
| energy | the more H+ gradient builds up, the more ______ required to transport H+ against it |
| backwards | build up of H+ gradient will push the rxn ________ inhibiting electron transfer to O2 |
| F1 | in I2M2 vesicles, __ can be knocked off by shaking them with glass beads w/ urea |
| outwards | in I2M2 vesicles, ATP synthase active site faces _____ |
| artificial | _______ electron donors - e.g. TMPD can be used to donate electrons to ETC, even though these molecules are not used by cells |
| spectrophotometry | _____ can be used to follow ETC using absorbances b/w oxidized and reduced forms |
| inhibitors | ____ fall into 3 classes 1) ETC inhibitors 2) ATPase inhibitors 3) H+ gradient inhibitors |
| mutational | ________ analysis - damage the cellular genes. observe the effect, and much can be learned about cell function |
| photophosphorylation | ________ - light energy used to do phosphorylate ATP |
| thylakoid | CATPase uses the H+ transported down n H+ electroconcentration gradient across the _______ membrane |
| FdNO | some experimental suggest ____ is a peripheral membrane, while others suggest it associates w/ cyt b/f complex |
| H2O | CETC's electron donor is ___ |
| NADP+ | CETC's electron acceptor is ____ |
| chlorophyll | _______ occurs in chloroplasts, bound to proteins in complexes called "photosystems", can be thought as kind of a prosthetic group |
| does not | light driven transfer of e from PSI to NADP+ ___ (does / does not) contribute to acidification of thylakoid lumen |
| non-cyclic | ______ photophosphorylation - PSII to PSI for the purpose of ATP synthesis |
| cyclic | ______ photophosphorylation - when PSII is inhibited, electrons are transferred from PSI to cyt b/f, returns to PSI |
| non-cyclic | _______ photophosphorylation pathway produces ATP and NADPH |
| cyclic | ______ photophosphorylation pathway produces only ATP |
| NADPH | having two pathways allows pants to adjust the amount of ATP and ______ made |
| inhibitors | CETC ______ 1) Diuron 2) Antimycin A 3) Stigmatellin 4) CN (DASC) |
| artificial | CETC _____ electron donors/acceptors - 1) Paraquat 2) Phenazine |
| TMPD | artificial inhibitor - donates 2 e to cytochrome c |
| Paraquat | artificial acceptor - accepts e from Fd, to form a radical |
| Phenazine | artificial acceptor - accepts e from Fd, donates it to PQ producing artificial cyclic electron transfer |
| colorless | oxidized DCPIP is blue while reduced form is _____ |
| II | 650nm light is absorbed by PS_ |
| I | 720nm light is absorbed by PS_ |
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