World History Semester Exam Review
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Created by:
victoriaecorral on December 13, 2011
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Culture | the way of life that is handed down from one generation to the next |
| Prehistory | the time before people invented writing |
| Domestication | tame animals; allowed people to live in permanent settlements and to farm |
| Neolithic Revolution | shift from hunting & gathering to farming |
| Eight Features of a Civilization | Cities, Well-organized central governments, Complex religions, Job specializations (specific jobs), Social classes, Art and architecture, Public works , Writing (Language) |
| Main Rivers for: Mesopotamia | Tigris River, Euphrates River |
| Main Rivers for: Egypt | Nile River |
| Main Rivers for: China | Huang He River |
| Main Rivers for: Indus Valley | Indus River |
| Hammurabi's Code | King Hammurabi established the world's first uniform set of laws for the Babylonian Empire |
| Confucianism | Five key relationships resulting in harmony: #1 duty is respect for parents, Father to son, Elder brother to younger brother, Husband to wife, Ruler to subject, Fried to friend |
| Daoism | Nature of man is evil and only strict laws and harsh penalties will assure order |
| Legalism | To achieve harmony in NATURE avoid conflicts with "unnatural" ways of society |
| Ten Commandments | Laws Jews believe God gave to Moses; stress morality and taking care of the poor |
| Hinduism | Formal rituals, Many gods, Belief in a caste system , Emphasis on nonviolence, Belief in karma and dharma, Belief in reincarnation |
| Buddhism | Four Noble Truths, Emphasis on meditation, Rejection of the caste system, Emphasis on nonviolence, Belief in karma and dharma, Belief in reincarnation |
| Caste System | Unchangeable social groups/s into which a person is born. The caste system gives everyone in that society a sense of identify |
| Darius | United the Persian Empire and set up Satraps to govern the local provinces |
| Impact on Caste System | provides everyone with a place in society and a sense of identity |
| Qin Dynasty | United China; ruled with legalism- cracked down on Confucianism |
| Mandate of Heaven/Dynastic Cycle | divine right to rule/ dictates the ruler must rule wisely to stay in power |
| Socrates | Father of Western philosophy; sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens. |
| Plato | Philosopher; believed the ideal ruler was a philosopher-king |
| Aristotle | philosopher that tutored Alexander the great; best ruler was a wise |
| Democracy in Greece | Athens, Greece-Birthplace of democracy, Athenian democracy was open to all male Athenian citizens of legal voting age |
| Impact of Greek democracy on Western government | participation in government before individual interest or needs |
| Eratosthenes | showed the earth is round and calculated its circumference. |
| Pythagoras | calculated the relationship between the sides of a right triangle |
| Archimedes | mastered the use of the lever and pulley |
| Alexander the Great | a great conquered whose policies ushered in a new era in history |
| Hellenistic Culture | blend of Greek, Egyptian, Indian, and Persian cultures |
| Impact of Roman Legal system on U.S. | Senate, veto and checks on power |
| Rise of Christianity | offered salvation to all people |
| Senate | dominated by patricians; elected consuls to rule |
| Pax Romana | 200 year span of Roman peace; began with Augustus |
| The decline of Rome | decline of morals and values, widening of the gap between the rich and poor, unemployment, Germanic invasions, political corruption |
| Justinian's Code | Codified Roman law; served as a model for European legal system |
| Hagia Sophia | greatest Byzantine contribution to architecture; inspiration of all great cathedrals |
| Feudalism | Political, social, and economic system based on mutual promises and obligations; Decent ralized government; Based on loyalty and service; Code of chivalry; Military elite |
| William the Conqueror | First Norman king of England; beat Harold at the Battle of Hastings, blending French and English traditions |
| Crusades | quest to regain the Holy Lands |
| Magna Carta | signed in 1215 by King John; established that the monarch is not above the law and that nobles (later all citizens) have basic rights |
| Joan of Arc | teen peasant girl who helped rally French troops to victory |
| Factors that led to the end of medieval Europe | Bubonic Plague, Crusades, Hundred Years' War |
| Islam | founded by Muhammad; god Allah; Koran sacred text |
| Abbasid Golden Age | the Abbasid rule considered a "golden age" of Muslim civilization; It created a refined and cosmopolitan culture in its capital, Baghdad |
| Causes of conflict in Northern India | Muslim Turks and Afghans conquered the Indus Valley in the 900s, Tamerlane, a Mongol general, overran northern India in 1398 |
| Sikhism | This religion was founded by Nanak, who blended Islamic and Hindu beliefs, preaching "the unity of God, the brotherhood of man, the rejections of caste, and the futility of idol worship;" world's fifth largest religion |
| West African Gold-Salt Trade | dominated West African trade |
| Mongol impact in Asia | Mongol conquest of Asia led to an increase in trade in travel |
| Mongol impact on Russia (women) | Mongol conquest of Russia changed the role of women from limited freedoms to one of isolation and subservience to the male in the household |
| Renaissance | A period of great intellectual and artistic creativity; revival of Greek and Roman culture |
| Humanism | Focused on the importance of the individual. People should study worldly matters as well as sacred matters |
| Single Point Perspective | Renaissance painters made their paintings look more realistic by using rules of single-point perspective |
| Henry VIII/Act of Supremacy | Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the Church of England/contributed to the end of Christian unity in the Catholic Church |
| Elizabeth I/Elizabethan Settlement | a compromise between Protestants and Catholic practices for the Anglican Church |
| Gutenberg/Printing Press | His printing press encouraged more people to read and they had a greater access to a broader range of knowledge |
| Protestant Reformation | The split of Western Christianity from the Catholic church, led my Martin Luther and John Calvin |
| Martin Luther/indulgences | Luther criticized the Catholic Church for selling indulgences |
| Catholic Reformation | Led by Pope Paul III, purpose was to reform and revive the moral authority of the Catholic Church from within |
| Ottoman Empire | Strong Trading empire because they controlled the Mediterranean Sea |
| Ming China/impact on global trade | During the Ming Dynasty, China maintained a favorable trade with Europe because Chinese silk continued to be in high demand in Europe |
| Atlantic Slave Trade | Middle Passage-the forced journey of enslaved Africans to the Americas |
| Exploration tools that helped exploration in the Americas | Caravel (Portuguese sail that made ships faster), compass and astrolabe |
| Mercantilism | Controlling trade to increase power. Example: New colonies in the Americas would ship raw materials to the motherland, and buy finished goods from their motherland |
| Capitalism | joint-stock companies, shareholders, entrepreneurs, and bourgeoisie all contributed to capitalism in Europe |
| Absolute monarchy | Monarchy in which the ruler has complete control over the government and the people |
| Maria Theresa | Fought with Prussia in the War of Austrian Succession, ultimately losing Silesia but maintaining the empire |
| Philip II | Guardian of the Roman Catholic Church, enforced religious unity that led to the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from Spain |
| Charles I | His total disregard for the Magna Carta and other arbitrary actions led to the English Civil War |
| Louis XIV | Built the palace of Versailles using the taxes taken from the people and creating a heavy royal debt |
| Peter the Great | Peter turned Russia from a backward nation into a modern power by introducing Western ideas, culture and technology |
| Catherine the Great | Fought the Ottoman Empire to achieve Peter the Great's dream of a warm-water port on the Black Sea |
| English Civil War/Causes and Effects | Political and religious opposition to Charles I of England resulted in the English Civil War |
| Glorious Revolution | Parliament offered the throne to King William and Queen Mary, Catholic King James II fled England for France, Parliament agreed to joint rule with the monarch |
| English Bill of Rights | Established Parliament's supremacy over the king and other rights |
| William Wilberforce | English Hose of Commons member who took on English establishment and persuaded those in power to end the trading of slaves |
| Scientific Revolution | Scientist questioned traditional beliefs about the universe |
| Copernicus | Astronomer that proved the heliocentric theory; that the stars and planets revolve around the sun |
| Sir Isaac Newton | Mathematician and physicist combined several existing theories of science under a single theory of motion known as the law of universal gravitation |
| Galileo | Discovered the law of pendulum and the fact that falling objects accelerate at fixed and predictable rates |
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