Biochem Final Prep 2
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114 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 allosteric | based on needs of a cell, binding of a molecule to a site other than active site, feedback and feedforward |
| fed state | anabolic, glycogen synthesis and fatty acid synthesis catabolic: glycolysis (breakdown of glucose to make fatty acids) |
| fasting state | catabolic: beta-oxidation, glycolysis; glycogen breakdown, TCA cycle anabolic: gluconeogenesis |
| glycolysis usual entry point | glucose |
| glycolysis usual exit point | pyruvate (usually 2) |
| glycolysis specific gains | 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate |
| glycolysis occurs where in cell? | cytosol |
| inhibitors of glycolysis | ATP, citrate (fatty acid synthesis--to cross into cytosol), alanine (produced from pyruvate) NADH, Pyruvate |
| stimulators of glycolysis | AMP fructose-1,6-biphosphate ADP |
| usual entry point of TCA cycle | acetyl CoA |
| usual exit point of TCA | CO2 |
| specific gains of TCA | 1 FADH2 1 GTP 2 CO2 3 NADH (use a CoA and also make CoA) |
| TCA cycle location in cell | mitochondria |
| inhibitors of TCA cycle | ATP NADH |
| stimulator of TCA cycle? | lots of Acetyl coA |
| usual entry point for gluconeogenesis "book keeping" | 2 pyruvate |
| actual sources of C atoms to greate glucose (in gluconeogenesis) | glucogenic amino acids glycerol (backbone of triglycerides) lactate (from pyruvate in anaerobic conditions) |
| usual exit point of gluconeogenesis | glucose |
| costs of gluconeogenesis | 2 GTP 2 NADH 4 ATP (6ATP) costs for only one pyruvate. |
| gluconeogenesis location in cell? | starts: mitochondria ends: cytosol |
| organs where gluconeogenesis occurs? | liver and kidney |
| inhibitors of gluconeogenesis? | ADP |
| stimulators of gluconeogenesis? | alanine ATP acetyl CoA |
| usual entry point of pentose phosphate pathway? | glucose-6-phosphate |
| possible exit points of pentose phosphate pathway? | ribose fructose-6-phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate |
| gains of pentose phosphate pathway? | NADPH |
| location in cell of pentose phosphate pathway? | cytosol |
| organs where pentose phosphate pathway present? | liver adipose tissue mammary glands, testes ovaries adrenal cortex |
| stimulator of pentose phosphate pathway? | NADP+ |
| usual entry point of glycogen synthesis? (in plasma) | glucose |
| key intermediates of glycogen synthesis? | G-1-P, G-6-P, and UDP |
| final product of glycogen synthesis? | glycogen |
| key enzymes of glycogen synthase? | glycogen synthase phosphoglucomutase |
| phsophoglucomutase | transfers phosphate group from 1 to 6 position |
| specific costs of glycogen synthesis? | UTP |
| location in cell of glycogen synthesis? | cytosol |
| organs where glycogen synthesis occurs? | liver skeletal muscle |
| what hormone stimulates glycogen synthesis? | insulin |
| what hormone stimulates breakdown of glycogen? | glucagon |
| key enzymes of glycogen degradation? | phosphorylase glucose-6-phosphatase alpha-1,6-glucosidase |
| key intermediate of glycogen degradation in different organs? | G-1-P |
| final products of glycogen degradation in different organs? | liver: glucose skeletal muscle: G-6-P to C02 and water |
| significant gain of glycogen degradation? | Pi (inorganic phosphate) |
| location in cell of glycogen degradation? | cytosol |
| what hormones are stimulators of glycogen degradation? | glucagon and epinephrine (fight or flight) |
| usual entry point for fatty acid synthesis? | acetyl CoA |
| actual sources of carbon atoms used to create a fatty acid? | glucose ketogenic amino acids glucogenic amino acids |
| mode in which starting material istransported across mito membranes (fatty acid synthesis)? | citrate |
| committed step in fatty acid synthesis? | conversion of acetyl CoA to malonyl CoA. enzyme: acetyl coA carboxylase |
| usual exit point of fatty acid synthesis? | palmitate (16C) |
| specific costs of fatty acid synthesis? | 2 NADPH 1 ATP (per round--2 Carbons) ex. palmitate: 7 rounds |
| location in cell of fatty acid synthesis? | cytosol |
| organ where fatty acid synthesis occurs? | liver |
| hormone that stimulates fatty acid synthesis? | insulin |
| inhibitors of fatty acid synthesis? | palmitoyl CoA |
| stimulator of fatty acid synthesis? | citrate |
| usual entry point for fatty acid beta oxidation? | fatty acid (palmitate) |
| mode in which starting material is transported across mito membrane (fatty acid beta oxidation)? | fatty acyl carnitine |
| usual exit point of fatty acid beta oxidation? | acetyl CoA |
| specific gains of fatty acid beta oxidation? | FADH2 NADH acetyl CoA per round |
| location in cell of fatty acid beta oxidation? | mitochondria |
| organs where fatty acid beta oxidation occurs? | liver adipose tissue skeletal muscle |
| what hormone is potent stimulator of fatty acid beta oxidation? | glucagon |
| inhibitors of fatty acid beta oxidation? | malonyl CoA, NADH, acetyl CoA |
| types of amino acids (in terms of fuels)? | ketogenic -> ketone bodies, fatty acid synthesis, degradated to CO2 and Oxygen (and acetyl CoA for TCA cycle) glucagenic->anything |
| enzymes that remove nitrogen from amino acids? | transaminases |
| cycle that eliminates nitrogen? (name, entry points, product) | name: urea cycle entry point: carbomoyl phosphate and aspartate (a.k.a. ornithine!) product: urea |
| only amino acid that can be created from free ammonia and carbon skeleton? | glutamate |
| organ where most amino acid metabolism takes place? | liver |
| organ where long term, mobilizable stores of amino acids are present? | skeletal muscle |
| enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase substrate? | pyruvate |
| enyme: pyruvate dehyrogenase product? | acetyl CoA |
| enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase gains? | NADH and CO2 |
| enzyme: pyruvate dehydrogenase location in cell? | mitochondria |
| stimulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase? | ADP, NAD+ |
| inhibitors of pyruvate dehydrogenase? | ATP, NADH, acetyl CoA |
| enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase. substrate? | pyruvate |
| enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase product? | OAA |
| enzyme: pyruvate carboxylase costs? | ATP CO2 |
| enzyme pyruvate carboxylase location in cell? | mitochondria |
| inhibitor of pyruvate carboxylase? | acetyl CoA |
| what does pyruvate dehydrogenase do? | converts pyruvate to Acetyl coA for TCA cycle |
| What does pyruvate carboxylase do? | converts pyruvate to OAA for gluconeogenesis. |
| chylomicrons | take cholesterol from intestinal walls and carry to liver; LARGEST |
| VLDL | (turn into IDLS) synthesized in the liver and carry lipids through various peripheral tissues |
| IDLS | turn into LDLs as get more lipids |
| LDLS | "bad cholesterol" drop cholesterol within tissues. help create plaques |
| HDLS | "good cholesterol" turn into IDL-->LDL |
| synthesis of thyroid hormones begins with? | tyrosine rich protine in the thyroid gland called thyroglobulin |
| what enzyme iodates the phenol rings of tyrosine residues? | thyroid peroxidase |
| steroid hormones are? | hydrophobic lipophilic can enter cell membrane and act on cell nucleus |
| 5 examples of second messengers and what creates them? | cAMP: created by adenylate cyclase cGMP: created by guanylate cyclase DAG: created by phospholipase C (family of enzymes) iP3: created by phospholipase C calcium ions: come from increased permeability which come from opening of calcium ion channels by DAG and IP3 |
| do steroids enter enterohepatic cycling? | YES. |
| 0 blood group | receive only O blood, universal donor, (H and O substance) enzyme: fucosyl transferase |
| A blood group | receive A or O blood, (O and A substance) enzyme: fucosyl transferase and GalNAc transferase |
| B blood group | receive B or O blood, (O and B substance) enzyme: fucosyl tranferase and Gal transferase |
| rbc growth factors | erythropoietin and GM-CSF |
| platelet growth factors | thrombopoietin, IL-11, and GM-CSF |
| macrophage growth factors | M-CSF, GM-CSF |
| granulocyte growth factors | G-CSF and GM-CSF |
| Rh from what? | rhesus monkey |
| what is most common form of Rh? | most people are Rh+ |
| Rh hemolytic dz | Rh- mother and builds antibodies to Rh factor after birth of Rh+ child. |
| how are hormones carried? | plasma proteins (lipoproteins) |
| autocrine | hormone on self: same cell produces it acts on it |
| paracrine | acts on neighboring cell |
| endocrine | goes into blood stream and on specific receptors |
| eicosanoid | derived from arachadonic acids leukotrienes, prostaglandins, prostacyclins, and thromboxanes |
| cytokine | from immune system and bind to cell surface receptors ex) hemopoeietic growth factors, interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, paracrine functions |
| histimine | derived from histidine allergic rxns |
| serotonin | from tryptophan amino acid sleep |
| dopamine and norepinephrine, and epinephrine | from tyrosine norepinepi: stimulatory neurotransmitter dopamine: inhibitory neurotransmitter |
| what releases T3 or T4? | hydrolyzation by protease of thyroglobulin protein into individual amino acids (regulator of metabolism in body) |
| hemophilia B | christmas dz factor IX deficient |
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