| Term | Definition |
|---|
| 3 criteria for dialect | similarity, spoken locally, no literary tradition |
| IA language repertoire | regionalized Italian, dialect, lingua franca, pidginized English |
| Italian is __ most spoken language (after English) in US | 7th |
| Italian language use declined ___% from 1990-2000 | 23% |
| 3 types of language changes in IA | loans, calques, code-switches |
| ___ indicative of language loss; ___ indicative of language vitality | loans and calques; code-switches |
| Carnevale | Italian identity was shaped by WWII environment; dominant culture set parameters for minority ethnicity |
| De Fina & Fellin | language loss but rekindled interest in culture; regional and linguistic fragmentation -> low levels of national identification and language loyalty |
| Correa Zoli | culture and tradition maintenance, but language loss due to discrimination, push for assimilation, lack of practice opportunities or educational support |
| Pigliai | pizza pie as metaphor of new IA identity/significance; Ital-English formed by loan-words, calques (loan-shifts), code-switches and mixed grammar |
| De Alba | symbolic ethnicity, twilight, almost completely assimilated except for differences in family emphasis, pan-European identity, rising intermarriage rate altered cultural boundaries (along with WWII de-emphasis of ethnicity) |
| views of ethnicity | biological (primordialist), historical (circumstancialist), psychological |
| De Fina & Fellin reasons for language loss | less immigration, underrepresented in schools, generational language shift, incompatible dialects, desire for deracialization, lack of institutional support, exogamous marriages |
| Monti | not symbolic or in twilight/decline, but has yet to reach full potential -> ethnic boundaries have changed (due to geographic mobility, intermarriage), but still an important way to organize personal identity. discrepancy in occupational and educational achievement as indication of being not fully assimilated; pluralism and assimilation not mutually exclusive but dependent |
| Primeggia & Varcali | ethnicity not symbolic and not precluded by membership in middle class; ethnicity still strong but subject to constant change and evolution |
| Why P&V disagree with Alba | it makes identity/ethnicity fixed; means American society hasn't changed; posits contradiction between upward mobility and ethnicity |
| P&V parameters of ethnicity | within Southern Italian culture and culture of immigrants -> identity as social construction |
| P&V 6 core values of IA ethnicity | cynicism (disbelief/distrust in authority, anticlericalism), traditionalism, marginality, personalism, familism, work |
| Nelli | Ethnicity as now almost fashionable because there is no more racism, so IAs (now upper middle class, earned prestige) are free to proclaim ethnicity and search for their roots; prefer idealized reminiscences of ethnicity instead of harsh reminders of immigrant existence |
| Godfather | Coppola used mafia as metaphor for America, 70s family roles and lack of faith in democratic institutions, puppeteer control metaphor, American business metaphor, Greek tragedy metaphor, business vs. personal/family |
| Chris Messenger on Godfather | part of American culture, models of male authority and control, love-hate ambivalence draws you in, bella figura of Godfather |
| Ferraro on Godfather | fuses family and capitalism (the business of family), deals with contemporary strategy of gaining and securing power, revises notion of ethnicity (profitable ethnicity), ethnic family not as European marginalia but central, succsesful American structure of power |
| Bondanella on Bronx Tale | after difficult process of "making it," 3rd generation has made it and directors look back with nostalgia on old values and memories; different treatment of racial issues (both groups' perspectives) |
| commonalities of Bronx Tale and other movies | presence of actual IA characters, celebration of 1st gen male values, contrast b/w new and old values |
| De Niro's choices and themes | use of sounds from 60s, irony and stereotypes in IA depiction, personal connection w/ father |
| Baker & Vitullo | role of women as secondary characters, men as macho ideal, attempts to become white |
| B&V complex ethnicity in Bronx Tale | ethnic groups capable of altering boundaries and identity frameworks; cultural styles and forms of expression; revist and revalorize cultural spaces; race boundaries mean no more nostalgia for old neighborhood |
| Lehnguth on Sopranos | people upset because it's realistic? function of cultural memory in constructing identities as IA males and mobsters; other groups use Godfather to impose identities on men, but they also use it on their own terms; physical references connect members to purpose in crime, deeper meaning |
| Intellectual vs. physical references | intellectual=archival memory, physical = repertoire |
| prosthetic memory | modern technology (i.e. film) allows for cultural memory that is detached from personal identity |
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