vocabb bio
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142 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 logical interpretation based on what scientists already know | Inference |
| the variable that is deliberately changed (also called manipulated variable) | Independent Variable |
| an organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the natural world | Science Observation |
| the variable that is observed and that changes in response to the independent variable (also called the responding variable) | Dependent Variable |
| a scientific explanation for a set of observations that can be tested in ways that support or reject it | Hypothesis |
| exposed to the same conditions as the experimental group except for one independent variable | control group |
| a hypothesis should be tested by an experiment in which only one variable is changed. All other variables should be kept unchanged or controlled | Controlled Experiment |
| ties two hypothesis together | theory |
| is a particular preference or point of view that is personal, rather than scientific (example...personal taste, preferences for someone or for something, and societal standards of beauty) | bias |
| the study of life | biology |
| a single organism produces offspring identical to itself | asexual reproduction |
| a genetic code written in a molecule | DNA |
| all organisms need to keep their internal environment relatively stable, even when external conditions change dramatically | homeostasis |
| a signal to which an organism responds | stimulus |
| the combination of chemical reactions through which and organism builds up or breaks down materials | metabolism |
| cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism | sexual reproduction |
| living planet | biosphere |
| basic unit of matter | atom |
| formed when one or moew electrons are transferred form one atom to another | ionic bond |
| center of the atom | nucleus |
| these are positively and negatively charged atoms | ion |
| a negatively charged particle | electron |
| the moving of electrons actually travel about the nuclei of both atoms | covalent bonds |
| a pure substance that consist entirely of one type of atom | element |
| the smallest unit of most compunds | element |
| atoms of the same element that duffer in the number of neutrons they contain (b/c they have the same number of electrons, all isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties) | isotope |
| a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions | compound |
| the attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen atom on another | hydrgen bond |
| mixtures of water and nondissolved material | suspension |
| an attraction between molecules of the same substance | cohesion |
| indicates the concentration of H+ ions in solution | pH Scale |
| an attraction between molecules of different substances | adhesion |
| any compounds that form H+ ions in solution | acid |
| a material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined | mixture |
| a compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution | base |
| ions gradually become dispersed in the water, forming a type of mixture. (all the components of SOLUTION are evenly distributed throughout the solution) | solution |
| weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH | buffer |
| the substance that is dissolved | solute |
| the substance in which the solute dissolves (waters polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules. | solvent |
| smaller units | monomers |
| macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus (nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides | nucleic acids |
| molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules | polymer |
| subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base | nucleotide |
| compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms | carbohydrates |
| macromolecules that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids) | protein |
| single sugared molecules | monosaccharide |
| compunds with amino group | amino acid |
| made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms | lipids |
| a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another | chemical reaction |
| a substance that speeds up teh rate of a chemical reacions | catalyst |
| the elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction | reactant |
| proteins that act as biological catalyst | enzyme |
| the elements or compunds produced by a chemical reactions | product |
| the reactants of enzymes-catalyzed reactions (the substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site) | substrate |
| chemists call the energy that is needed to get a reaction started | activation energy |
| basic unit of life | cell |
| a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains genetic material in the form of DNA and controls many of the cells activities | nucleus |
| discoveries, confirmed by many biologist (fundamental concept of biology) | cell theory |
| cells that enclose their DNA in the nuclei | eukaryote |
| all cells are surrounded by a thin flexible barrier | cell membrane |
| cells that do not enclose DNA nuclei | prokaryote |
| the portion of the cell outside the nucleus | cytoplasm |
| eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system | endoplasmic reticulum |
| little organs | organelle |
| in eukaryotic cells, proteins produced in the rough ER move next into an organelle | golgi apparatus |
| many cells contain large, saclike, membrane-enclosed structures | vacuole |
| the biological equivalents of solar power plants | chloroplast |
| small organelles filled with enzymes | lysosome |
| the power plants of the cell | mitochondria |
| eukaryotic cells are given their shape and internal organization by a network of protein filaments | cytoskeleton |
| many cells, including most prokaryotes, also produced as a strong layer around the membrane | cell wall |
| located near the nucleus and help organize cell division | centriole |
| gives cell membranes a flexible structure that forms a strong barrier between the cell and its surroundings | lipid bilayer |
| are small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm in all cells | ribosome |
| some substances can pass across them and others cannot | Selectively Permeable Membrane |
| the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration | diffusion |
| same strength | isotonic |
| this process, in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels | facilitated diffusion |
| below strength | hypotonic |
| the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | osmosis |
| above strength | hypertonic |
| water channel proteins, which allow water to pass right through | aquaporins |
| the net movement of water out or into a cell produces a force | osmotic pressure |
| the process of taking materials into the cell by means of infoldings | endocytosis |
| many cells also release large amounts of materials | exocytosis |
| large molecules and even solid clumps of materials can be transported by movements of the cell membrane | bulk transport |
| a type of endocytosis, in which extensions of cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole | phagocytosis |
| tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off to form vacuoles within a cell | pinocytosis |
| small molecules and ions are carried across membranes by proteins in the membrane that act like pumps | molecular transport |
| relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions | homeostasis |
| group of organs that work together to preform closely related functions | organ systems |
| basic units of all forms of life | cells |
| a group of similar cells the preform a particular function | tissue |
| on or in a cell a specific protein to whose shape fits that of a specific molecular messenger such as a hormone | receptors |
| cells form these structures with neighboring cells to send chemical messages or signals | cellular junctions |
| a group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions | organs |
| the ability to do work | energy |
| one of the most important compunds that cells use to store and release energy | Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
| organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds also called a producer | autotroph |
| organism that obtain food by consuming other living things | heterotroph |
| the process by which autotrophs use the energy of sunlight to produce high energy carbohydrates -sugars and starches—that can be used as food | photosynthesis |
| light absorbing molecule used by plants to gather the suns energy | pigment |
| set of reactions in photosynthesis that do not require light; energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build a high energy compounds such as sugar; also called the calvin cycle | light independent reaction |
| principle pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms | chlorophyll |
| set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH | light dependent reaction |
| organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy | chloroplast |
| light independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high energy compounds such as sugar | Dark Cycle/Calvin Cycle |
| sac-like photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplast | thylakoid |
| the set of thylakoids | granum/grana |
| the fluid portion of the chloroplast, outside of the thylakoids | stroma |
| any of a group of red and yellow pigments chemically similar to carotene, contained in animal fat and some plants | carotenoids |
| carrier molecule that transfers high energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules | NADP+/NADPH |
| the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius | calorie , Kilocalorie (C)- |
| the process tha requires oxygen | aerobic |
| the process that release energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen | Cellular Respiration |
| the process that doesn't require oxygen | anaerobic |
| first set of reactions in cellular respiration in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid | glycolysis |
| in eukaryotic cells, all cellualr contents outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cells' contents | cytoplasm |
| second stage of cellular respiration in ehich pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of of energy-extracting reactions | krebs cycle |
| cell organelle that converts the chemical energy storede in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use | mitochondria |
| series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions | electron transport chain |
| electron carrier involved in the glycolysis | NAD+ |
| simple sugar | glucose |
| liquid produced by the breakdown of carbohydrates and sugars during glycolysis | pyruvic acid |
| used to produce alcohol beverages and also the process that causes bread dough to rise | alcoholic fermentation |
| does not give off carbon dioxide | lactic acid fermentation |
| process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells | cell division |
| process of reproduction involving a single parent that results in offspring that are geneticcally identical to the parent | asexual reproduction |
| type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite t form the first cell of a new organism | sexual reproduction |
| threadlike structure of DNA and protein that contains genetic information; in eukaryotes, chromosomes are found in the nucleus; in prokaryotes, they are found in the cytoplasm | chromosomes |
| region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids attach | centromere |
| subtance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones | chromatin |
| one of two identical "sister" parts of a duolicated chromosome | chromatid |
| series of events in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells | cell cycle |
| structure in an animal cell that that helps to organize cell division | centriole |
| period of the cell cycle between cell divisions | interphase |
| phase of mitosis in ehich the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | metaphase |
| part of the eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides | mitosis |
| phase in mitosis in which the chromosomes sperate and move to oppisite ends of hte cell | anaphase |
| division of the cytoplasm to form two sperate daughter cells | cytokinesis |
| phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin | telophase |
| first and longest phaseof mitosis in which the genetic material inside the nucleus condenses and the chromosomes become visible | prophase |
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