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A change in structure or function within the body that is considered to be abnormal; any change from normal. disease A derangement or abnormality of function. disorder A group of symptoms that may be caused by a specific disease but also may be caused by several interrelated problems. syndrome What are the most common risk factors that may predispose a person to a disease? (Hint: There are 5) age, sex, environment, lifestyle, heredity ____________ are short in nature and usually had sudden onset. Acute diseases ____________ persist for a long time, and they might begin insidiously (slowly and without symptoms) and last for the entire life of the individual. Chronic diseases What are the six categories of disease causes? heredity, trauma, inflammation/infection, hyperplasias/neoplasms, nutritional imbalance, immunity The leading cause of death in children and young adults is _______. The most prevalent type of trauma death [as designated by the CDC] is a __________. trauma, motor vehicle accident (MVA) What is a protective immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant? inflammation What are the 5 signs of inflammation? redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of motion ____________ is when the body's lymphocytes cannot identify the body's own self-antigens, which are harmless. In response, the lymphocytes form antibodies that then attack the body's own cells. Autoimmunity A tumor that has a limited growth and are encapsulated and thus easily removed that is not deadly is _______. benign A tumor that is deadly or progressing to death. They grow uncontrollably and have finger-like projections into surrounding tissue, which makes removal very difficult is _________. malignant Neoplasms are classified as ______ or ______. benign, malignant A tumor of a gland would be classified as a(n) _______ if it were benign; if it is a malignant neoplasm, the name becomes ___________. adenoma, adenocarcinoma A tumor of connective tissue would be classified as a(n) _________ if it were benign; if it is a malignant neoplasm, the name becomes ____________. osteoma, osteosarcoma A tumor of blood organs would be classified as _________ and _________. These malignant neoplasms do not have benign counterparts. lymphomas, leukemias What determines the degree of abnormality of the neoplasm? grading What considers the degree of spread? staging Cancer has an actual cause. (T or F) false One thing that remains constant in the development of cancer is the _____________ that allows the cell to grow independently and uncontrollably. genetic alteration Name 4 warning signs for cancer: change in bowel/bladder habits, a sore that doesn't heal, unusual bleeding/discharge, or nagging cough/hoarseness The importance of the acronym _________ include warning signs that might be indicative of cancer development, so the individual with one or more of these signs should be evaluated immediately by a physician. CAUTION Name 4 preventative measures that may be taken to reduce one's risk of developing cancer? not smoking, limiting alcohol intake, refusing needless X-rays, or protecting skin from excessive sun exposure The most common cancer treatments administered are _________, ________, or __________. curative (cure), palliative (a relief of symptoms), preventive (prevention) Major types of cancer treatment include _______, _________, _______, and ____________. surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone treatment What defense mechanisms does the body provide? (Hint: there are 3) physical or surface areas (nonspecific), inflammation (nonspecific), immune response (specific) Whenever any tissue undergoes trauma, ____________ will occur inflammation ______ cells (aka tissue histocytes) play a major role in the inflammatory process. They release histamine when injured or irritated, which causes local arterioles, venules, and capillaries to dilate . Mast As the capillaries dilate, vascular ___________. This allows blood fluid (or ______) to leak into the tissue... which is the cause of the swelling or edema. vascular permeability, exudate ________ delivers millions of _________ to the area within a few hours. ___(same answer as previous)___ are drawn to the injured area by a process called ________. Diapedesis, neutrophils, chemotaxis The type of exudate that is commonly called pus is ________ exudate. purulent _____ is white or yellow exudate due to the death of numerous neutrophils mixed with exudate or blood fluid. Pus The microorganisms that can potentially cause infections in humans are _______, _______, ________, ________, __________, and _________. [BVFRPH] bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae, protozoa, helminthes What type of testing is used to identify organisms causing an infection? culture