| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Comfort | state in which a person is relieved of distress |
| Rest | waking state characterized by reduced activity and mental stimulation |
| Sleep | state of arounsable unconsciousness |
| Environmental Psychologist | specialists who study how the environment affects behavior and well-being |
| One factor that contributes to Comfort | is a safe, clean and attractive environment |
| Humidity | amount of moisture in the air |
| Relative Humidity | ratio between the amount of moisture in the air and the greatest amount of water vapor the air can hold at a given temperature |
| Thermo-regulation | ability to maintain stable body temperature |
| Ventilation | movement of air |
| Unoccupied Bed | changing linen when the bed is empty |
| Mattress Overlays | layers of foam or other devices placed on top of the mattress |
| Occupied Bed | changing linen while the client remains in bed |
| Functions of Sleep | reducing fatique, stabilizing mood, improving blood flow to the brain, increasing protein synthesis, maintaining the disease fighting mechanism of the immune system, promotes cellular growth and repair, improving the capacity for learning & mental storage |
| Sleep Phases | NREM-non rapid eye movement, REM-rapid eye movement |
| NREM-non rapid eye movement | progresses through all 4 stages -aka- slow wave sleep, EEG waves appear as progressively slower oscillations |
| REM-rapid eye movement | referred to as paradoxical sleep, EEG appear similiar to those produced during periods of wakefulness, deepest stage of sleep |
| Sleep Cycles | people alternate through NREM and REM phases |
| NREM Sleep | characterized as quiet sleep, has 4 stages, ranges 50-90 minutes, deep, restful, dreamless sleep |
| REM Sleep | characterized as active sleep, where most dreams occur |
| NREM - Stage 1 | A few minutes, light sleep, easily aroused, gradual reduction in vital signs |
| NREM - Stage 2 | 10-20 min, can be awakened w/effort, deeper relaxation |
| NREM - Stage 3 | 15-30 min, early phase of deep sleep, snoring, relaxed muscle tone, little/no physical movement, difficult to arouse |
| NREM - Stage 4 | 15-30 min, shortens toward morning, deep sleep, sleep-walking, sleep-talking, bed-wetting may occur |
| REM Stage | 20 min avg, lengthens toward morning, darting eye movement, very difficult to wake, dreams, loss of muscle tone, vital signs fluctuate, irregular reps |
| Sleep Requirements | need for sleep decreases from birth to adulthood, although individuals vary; stage 3 & 4 decreases, REM increases |
| Newborn | 16-20 hrs p/day, 50% in REM |
| 3 months - 1 year | 14-15 hrs p/day, 35% in REM |
| Toddler | 12hrs p/night plus 1 0r 2 naps |
| Preschool | 9-12 hrs p/night |
| 5 - 6 years | 11 hrs p/night, 20% in REM |
| 11 years | 9hrs p/night |
| Adolescent | 7-9 hrs p/night, 25% in REM |
| Adult | 7-9 hrs p/night, 20-25% in REM |
| Elderly | 7-9 hrs p/night, 13-15% in REM |
| Circadian Rhythm | phenomena that cycle on a 24 hour basis |
| Melatonin | hormone that induces drowsiness and sleep |
| Factors Affecting Sleep | light, activity, environment, motivation, emotions and mood, food and beverages, illness, drugs |
| Sedatives & Tranquilizers | drugs that produce a relaxing and calming effect |
| Stimulants | drugs that excite structures in the brain |
| Drug Tolerance | diminshed effect from the drug at its usual dosage range |
| Nurses obtain a more accurate sleep pattern assessment | through sleep questionnaires, sleep diaries, polysomnography evaluation, mutiple latency sleep test |
| Sleep Diary | daily account of sleeping and waking activities |
| Nocturnal Polysomnography | client is monitored for an entire nights sleep to obtain physiologic data |
| Sleep Disorder | 4 categories: insomnia, hypersomnia, sleep-wake cycle disturbance, parasomnia |
| Insomnia | difficulty falling asleep, awakening frequently during the night, or awakening early |
| Hypersomnia | feeling sleepy despite getting normal sleep. |
| Two conditions of Hypersomnia | Narcolepsy and Sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome |
| Narcolepsy | sudden onset of daytime sleep accompanied by sleep paralysis, cataplexy, hypnologic hallucinations, automatic behavior |
| Sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome | sleeper stops breathing or breathing slows for 10 seconds or longer, 5 or more times per hour |
| Hypersomnolence | is excessive sleeping for long periods |
| Sleep Paralysis | the person cannot move for a few minutes just before falling asleep or awakening |
| Cataplecy | sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by an emotional change such as laughing or anger |
| Hypnogogic Hallucinations | dreamlike auditory or visual ecperiences while dozing or falling asleep |
| Apnea | cessation of breathing |
| Hypopnea | hypoventilation |
| Hypoxia | decreased cellular oxygenation |
| Sleep-wake Cycle Disturbance | sleep schedule that involves daytime sleeping and interferes with biologic rhythms, occurs among shift workers, jet travelers |
| Microsleep | unintentional sleep lasting 20-30 seconds |
| Photoperiod | number of daylight hours |
| Jet Lag | emotional and physical changes experienced when arriving in a different time zone |
| Parasomnia | conditions assocate with activities that cause arousal, partial arousal usually during transitions in NREM periods of sleep |
| Examples of Parasomnia | sleep-walking, bed-wetting, sleep-talking nightmares/night terrors, grinding teeth, restless leg syndrome |
| Nursing sleep diagnosis that require attention | fatigue, impaired bed mobility, disturbed sleep patterns, sleep deprivation, relocation stress syndrome, risk for injury, impaired gas exchange |
| Sundown syndrome | onset of disorientation as the sun sets |
| Sunrise syndrome | early morning confusion |
| Bruxism | grinding of teeth |
| Restless Legs Syndrome aka Nocturnal Myoclonus | symptoms keep the person awake or prevent continuous sleep |
| Progressive Relaxation | a therpeutic exercise in which a person actively contracts then relaxes muscle groups to break the worry-tension cycle that interferes with relaxation |
| Massage | stroking the skin; promotes two desired outcomes: it relaxes tense muscles and improves circulation |
| Nursing Implications that require interventions | fatigue, impaired bed mobility, disturbed sleep pattern, sleep deprivation, relocation stress syndrome, risk for injury, impaired gas exchange |
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