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in the biosphere, how are cycles different from energy flow energy flow is linear / straight line, nutrients are circular, never returnes to its source nutrients within the cycles are located in what two places tied up in living organisms(biotic) and inorganic reservoirs (abiotic) examples of inorganic reservoirs lithosphere, amosphere, hydrosphere name 5 nutrients essential for life CHONP, potassium, calcium, iron, chlorine, sodium nutrients enter ecosystems in what 4 ways immigration, weathering of rocks, biological nitrogen fixation, atmosphere how does weathering contribute to the supply of nutrients it adds nutrients to ecosystems in relatively small quantities over long periods of time as rocks break down how does the atmosphere provide nutrients to ecosystems carbon- absorbed by photosynthesis, nitrogen- produced by lightning and precipitation, sulfur, chlorine, calcium, sodium- produced by precipitation what type of organisms carry our nitrogen fixation bacteria, blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), certain fungi (actinomycetes) 4 forms in which nitrogen can exist NO2- = nitrite (toxic), N2 = nitrogen gas, NO3- = nitrate, NH3 = ammonia, NH4+ = ammonium which form(s) of nitrogen are easily absorbed by plants nitrates, NO3- what parts of the ecosystem solves the problem of excess carbon dioxide build up plants what is he difference between global warming and greenhouse effect global is rapid, unnatural, result of increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. greenhouse is natural and heat is trapped near earth's surface 3 things that earth's atmosphere provides for living organisms warmth, gives us oxygen, protects from the sum (UV rays and ozone) top 5 greenhouse gases methane, carbon dioxide, CFC's, nitrous oxide, water vapor increase of 30% in the past 100 years; currently considered #1 gas responsible for increase in global warming trends carbon dioxide occurs naturally in atmosphere and absorbs 60% (or most of the heat) from the earth, but the amount is not altered or affected by humans water vapor produced by decomposition of landfills and livestock; traps over 21x the heat than CO2 methane didn't exist before 1928; made by people and most heat absorbent of all gases CFC's if the greenhouse gases were to significantly decrease, what do you think the result would be global warming would slow, eventually global cooling (not as much heat) if the greenhouse gases increased, what do u think the result would be more weather changes, extremely hot, may even turn into an ice age consequences of global warming increase in evaporation, extreme precipitation and weather events, erosion, forest, crop yields & water supplies will change, increase in sea level, ice abido why did the us refuse to sign the Kyoto Protocol agreement says it'll damage the economy, doesn't account for developing nations, questions about validity of all the research, and wants stress on forming new alernative fuel industries what did the clean air act of 1970 do for the environment established the NAAQS, set standards for outdoor air quality if a city is found to be below the standards set by the clean air act, wha must it do develop a SIP 2 things that happened as a result of the clean air act being passed air pollution control devices on cars, wet scrubbers on smokestacks were required. now catallytic converters are required in small engines like lawn mowers nutrients leave ecosystems by what 4 processes harvesting and emigration, erosion of soil, leaching, gaseous losses most significant cause of nutrient loss erosion of soil what type of ecosystems would one most likely see nutrient loss through leaching disturbed areas (forests and agriculture) wet/rainy climate difference between nutrient loss from erosion and nutrient loss from leaching erosion = top soil is eroded away horizontally by wind and water and leaves soil bare. leaching = water flows and carries nutrients vertically (groundwater to streams, lakes and ponds) why are decomposers critical to nutrient cycling in ecosystems they break down dead material into organic compounds which then re-enter carious nutrient cycles (dirt and soil is where they're released) why aren't scavengers considered to be TRUE decomposers they are not directly returning nutriends to biogeochemical cycles main difference between macro an micro decomposers macro is visible, micro is microscopic role of the earthworm (macrodecomposer) in an ecosystem basis for important food chains, plant growth- burrowing allows air/water pockets to form and spaces for plant roots to grow in, breaking down of large organic mater can increase nutrients available to plants why is lumbrious terristus considered to be detrimental to forest ecosystems, while helpful to agricultural fields in forests they are over populated, invasive, they eat duff layer needed by the tree seedlings. in agriculure they add nurients to soil and allow oxygen to make it in the soil bacteria break down ?, while fungi break down ? animals, plants what type of organism tends to break down dead matter in water environments water molds