| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Genetic mutation | is a mistake/error/type occurring during the copying/replication of genes |
| Point | in which one or more n-tides gets mismatched |
| Frame shift | where extra n-tides are added or n-tides are left out |
| Both (Point and Frame) | affect codons and the a-acids that wind up in final protein/enzyme |
| Nondisjunction | error in c-some number; failure of tetrads to disjoin and distribute evenly into gametes. Some gametes have extra, others have less |
| Inversion | when sections/entire c-somes get copied upside-down in relation to original |
| Deletion | large sections of c-some don't get copied into replicant |
| Translocation | sections of one c-some get copied onto another c-some |
| Insertion | when c-somes joined as tetrad, some get so tightly bound to each other that when they separate, sections of one c-some 'peel off' and remain stuck to each other |
| Sources of Chromosomal Copying Errors | mutation, independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization |
| Crossing over | during meiosis, homologues come into close contact. Sometimes, sections of 1 homologue cross over to the other and vice-versa. (Usually happens when there are long sections of same n-tide sequence) |
| Autosome | any non-sex chromosome |
| Sex-Linked Mutations | color-blindness, hemophilia, muscular dystrophy |
| Carrier | a person who possesses a mutated gene on one homologue, but the "normal" gene on the other. Does not suffer from the mutation because there is a normal gene to compensate. For sex-linked disorders carriers are male. For autosomal, carriers can be male or female. |
| Nondisjunction Disorders Involving the Sex Cells | Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, XXX, YYY |
| Klinefelter Syndrome | boys get an extra X. A male with feminine feature, reduced/absent male features. |
| Turner Syndrome | a female with only one X; reduced/absent female features; ovaries don't fully develop |
| Autosomal Disorders | Down Syndrome (extra chromosome), Cystic Fibrosis (mucus in lungs) |
Combine with other sets
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