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98 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 hypothesis | possible explanation to question/problem; based on prior knowledge; tested in experiment |
| variable | something that changes or varies in an experiment |
| independent | variable that is changed by the scientist; in the egg lab, the type of solution was independent |
| dependent | variable that changes because of independent; in the egg lab, the mass of the egg was dependent |
| qualitative | data that does not have numbers; examples include color, shape, etc |
| quantitative | data that has numbers; examples include mass, height, length, etc. |
| theory | broad scientific explanation that is based on lots of evidence |
| biology | study of living things and their interactions |
| homeostasis: | maintaining a stable internal environment |
| metabolism | all of the chemical reactions that occur inside the body of a living thing |
| organism | a single living thing |
| responsiveness | reacting to the environment |
| heredity | passing of genetic information from one generation to the next |
| reproduction | producing offspring |
| multicellular | organism with two or more cells; usually millions of cells (like humans) |
| offspring | result of reproduction; "babies" |
| botany | study of plants |
| zoology | study of animals |
| microbiology | study of microscopic organisms |
| physiology | study of the body |
| element | simplest chemical substance |
| compound | combination of two or more different elements; examples: CO2, H2O, etc. |
| acid | substance with pH below 7 |
| base | substance with pH above 7 |
| neutral | substance with pH equal to 7 |
| products | substances that are made in a chemical reaction |
| reactants | substances that are the starting materials (ingredients) of a chemical reaction |
| carbohydrate | used for short-term energy; building block is monosaccharides |
| lipid | used for long-term energy; building blocks depend on the type of lipid |
| protein | used for structure and enzymes; building blocks are amino acids |
| nucleic acid | used to pass on genetic information; building blocks are nucleotides |
| enzyme | protein that helps start biochemical reactions; lowers the activation energy |
| solution | evenly mixed substances; examples: Kool-Aid, salt water, etc |
| prokaryotic | simple cells; have single loop of DNA without a nucleus; bacteria |
| eukaryotic | complex cells; have a nucleus and organelles; many linear DNA molecules; animals, plants, etc. |
| nucleolus | found in nucleus; produces ribosomes |
| ribosome | produces proteins |
| rough ER | has ribosomes attached to it; produces and transports proteins |
| smooth ER | no ribosomes attached to it; produces and transports lipids |
| Golgi apparatus | sorts and packages proteins |
| vesicle | transports substances in and out of cells |
| lysosome: | contains digestive enzymes to break down substances in the cell |
| vacuole | container; usually for water |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis; found only in plant cells |
| mitochondrion | site of cellular respiration; produces energy for the cell (from food molecules) |
| solute | substance that is dissolved in a solution; in salt water, the salt is the solute |
| solvent | substance that the solute is dissolved into; in salt water, the water is the solvent |
| concentration | strength of a solution; tells us how much solute is dissolved in solution |
| gradient | difference in concentration; area of high concentration and area of low concentration |
| diffusion | movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low; remember food coloring in water |
| phospholipid | molecule that makes up cell membrane; polar phosphorus head; non-polar tails |
| osmosis | movement of water across a membrane; remember egg lab |
| hypertonic | high concentration outside cell; like egg in corn syrup |
| hypotonic | low concentration outside cell; like egg in water |
| isotonic | equal concentrations in and out of cell |
| passive transport | does not require energy; moves substances from high to low; diffusion and osmosis |
| active transport | requires energy; moves substances from low to high; endo/exocytosis, pumps |
| exocytosis | moving large substances out of the cell with vesicles |
| endocytosis | moving large substances into cell with vesicles |
| photosynthesis | converting energy from light into food; occurs only in plants, algae, and some bacteria |
| cellular respiration | releasing energy from food molecules; occurs in all living things |
| autotroph | organism that can create its own food, as in photosynthesis; examples include plants |
| heterotroph | organism that must eat other organisms to get energy; examples include animals |
| herbivore | animal that eats only plants; cows are in this category |
| carnivore | animal that eats only other animals; lions are in this category |
| omnivore | animal that eats both plants and other animals; humans are in this category |
| ATP-ADP | molecule system that is used for energy; ATP has energy stored; energy released when it breaks |
| pigment | molecule that absorbs some colors of light and reflects others |
| chlorophyll | pigment found in leaves of plants; traps sunlight during photosynthesis |
| aerobic | respiration that requires oxygen; produces more ATP than anaerobic |
| anaerobic | respiration that does not require oxygen; fermentation is an example |
| interphase | part of cell cycle when cells grow and prepare to divide; includes G1, S, G2 |
| prophase | first phase of mitosis; nuclear membrane disappears, chrosomes coil, spindle fibers form |
| metaphase | second phase of mitosis; sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell |
| anaphase | third phase of mitosis; sister chromatids are pulled apart and to opposite sides of cell |
| telophase | Fourth phase of mitosis; nuclear membranes form; chromosomes uncoil; spindle fibers disappear |
| cytokinesis | final phase of cell cycle; divides cell into two separate daughter cells |
| mitosis | process of cell division |
| chromosome | coiled DNA molecule |
| sister chromatids | coiled chromosome and its copy |
| replication | DNA makes a copy of itself; occurs during the S phase (of interphase) |
| cancer | group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction |
| meiosis | process of cell division that creates gametes |
| sexual | reproduction that involves two parents and gametes; results in genetically diverse offspring |
| asexual | reproduction from one parent; results in offspring that are genetically same as the parent |
| gamete | sex cell (egg or sperm) |
| zygote | result of fertilization (combination of egg and sperm); single diploid cell |
| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that are same shape, size, and genes |
| haploid | one set of chromosomes |
| autosomes | chromosomes that do not control gender; humans have 22 of them |
| independent assortment | random mixing of parents' chromosomes during meiosis I |
| sperm | male gamete |
| ovum | female gamete; also called egg |
| fertilization | combination of egg and sperm |
| fragmentation | asexual reproduction; offspring created from a fragment of the parent |
| budding | asexual reproduction; offspring starts like a branch off of the parent; separates when ready |
| parthenogenesis | asexual reproduction; offspring develops from an unfertilized egg |
| binary fission | asexual reproduction; offspring the result of parent splitting into two cells |
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