| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What is the cardiovascular system composed of? | blood, blood vessels, and heart |
| What are capillaries? | connects arteries to veins |
| What are arteries? | carry blood away from the heart |
| What are veins? | carry blood to the heart |
| What is the lymphatic system? | • Plasma can leave the blood vessels and circulate in the interstitial space( space between tissue cells) • Plasma collects metabolic products and carries them to lymphatic system(it can also pick up the microbes and disseminate the infection) • When inside the lymphatic system, plasma is called lymph |
| Bacteria can infect the ? | heart blood and blood vessels |
| What is bacteremia? | presence pf bacteria in the blood |
| septicemia | microorganisms multiplying in blood |
| Septic shock | condition when Gr- bacteria release the endotoxin(can be caused by antibiotic treatment) |
| • Lymphangitis | infection and inflammation of the lymphatic vessels |
| What does bacterial infection of the heart involve? | inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves |
| Endocardium? | inner layer of heart muscle |
| What are the two types of endocarditis? | acute and subacute |
| What is acute endocarditis? | • Staphylococcus aureus is transferred from original infection site to the heart(traumatic injury or surgical procedure) • Colonize heart valves(Vegetations)- cardiac malfunction • It causes a rapid destruction of heart valves • If untreated, can be fatal within a few days |
| What is subacute endocarditis? | • The disease develops slowly • Bacteria grow in preexisting lesions • If not treated, the disease is fatal within a few months • Caused by alpha hemolytic streptococci • The microorganisms enter the blood during the tooth extraction or tonsillectomy. Prophylactic antibiotic treatment. |
| What is the plague/ black death caused by? | • Caused by yersinia pestis- Gr- rod shaped bacteria • Normally infects rats(other rodents) |
| How is the plague transmitted? | rat flea and airborne droplets • Bacterium is injected by the bite of the flea • Bacterium enters the blood and lymph where it proliferates |
| What are symptoms of the plague? | : enlargement of lymph nodes in armpit and groins-buboes- bubonic plague. Mortality 50-75% |
| How is the bubonic plague characterized? | enlarged, inflamed lymph nodes called buboes |
| When does the pneumonic plague occur? | when the bacterium spreads to the lungs- mortality 100% |
| What are the treatments for the plague? | streptomycin, tetracycline • Vaccine available |
| How can the plague be prevented? | through rodent and flea control and good personal hygiene |
| What causes Lyme disease? | is Borrelia burgdorferi- a spirochete |
| What are the three stages of lyme disease? | • Expanding red rash that often resembles a bull's eye Flu like symptoms, antibiotics effective • Neurological symptoms Heart is affected, facial paralysis, meningitis • Severe arthritis Months or years later |
| How is lyme disease transmitted? | deer tick of the genus Ixodes • Involves two hosts: white tailed deer and white footed mouse • The larva feeds on white footed mouse- picks up the bacteria • The adult tick lives on deer |
| How can lyme disease be prevented? | Protective clothing |
| What is the treatment for lyme disease? | Doxycycline, penicillin |
| What causes • Infectious mononucleosis(Mono)? | EB(Epstein-Barr) virus • The virus multiplies in the lymph glands |
| How is mononucleosis transmitted? | saliva(kissing), drinking vessels |
| What are the symptoms of mononucleosis? | swelling of lymph nodes, and spleen, proliferation of special type of lymphocytes; rapture of spleen possible • Recovery in a few weeks |
| What is the treatment for mononucleosis? | relieving symptoms, resting |
| What causes yellow fever? | Arbovirus, transmitted by mosquitoes (Aeded aegypti) |
| Where is yellow fever located? | tropical areas of central and South America and Africa. Monkey serve as reservoir. |
| What are the symptoms of yellow fever? | fever, nausea, vomiting• Yellowing of the skin as result of liver damage |
| How can yellow fever be prevented? | Control mosquito population |
| What are the symptoms of • Marburg virus, brought to Europe(Germany) together with African monkeys? | : headache fever, internal and external bleeding |
| What are the symptoms of lassa fever? | chest pain, hemorrhaging |
| Where can lassa virus be found? | rodents Rodent's urine is the source of human infection |
| Ebola virus | first emerged in Africa • Reservoir probably in fruit bats • The infection spread by blood and body fluids • The virus lives in the blood stream- causes capillary fragility • Massive internal and external bleeding • Mortality rate: between 25-100% |
| What causes brucellosis? | Brucella-small, Gr- rod like bacterium • Found in cattle, pigs, goats, and camels |
| How is brucellosis transmitted? | unpasteurized milk, by contact with diseased animal |
| How does brucella infect? | bacterium enters the human body through minute abrasions of the skin or mucous membrane • Multiplies inside the microphage, travels through lymphatic system to lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
| What are the symtoms of brucellosis? | chills and fever that spikes each evening |
| What is the treatment for brucellosis? | tetracycline and streptomycine |
| What causes malaria? | protozoan- Plosmodium • Four Plasmodium species cause malaria • P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae • Disease severity depends on the species |
| What are the symptoms of malaria? | • Cyclic symptoms that correlate with the parasites life cycle: fever and chills recur every two to three days as erythrocytes lyse • Other symptoms include anemia, fatigue, and jaundice |
| How is malaria diagnosed? | • Blood smear- presence of trophozoites or other Plasmodium stages |
| How is malaria treated? | • Standard drug is chloroquine except with drug resistant cases • Usually effective except in sever falciparum cases |
| How is malaria prevented? | • Limiting contact with mosquitoes • Use of insecticides |
| How is malaria transmitted? | • Spread by female mosquito- Anopheles • Sporozoits-asexual phase of plasmodium is injected into humans bloodstream • Invade liver cells- develop into merozoits • Enter erythrocytes- reproduce withing erythrocytes- burst out • Ingested by another mosquito |
| AIDs | HIV(human immunodeficiency virus) • Origin: Hybrid of two simian immunodeficiency viruses of monkeys(central Africa)- cross over to human population |
| HIV | causes AIDs |
| AIDs | final stage of HIV |
| What are the subtypes of HIV? | • HIV-1 has 11 clades, Mostly in western world • HIV-2 in western Africa |
| Structure of HIV | • Virus selectively infects T cells( type of white blood cells) • HIV is retroviruses, its components are: • Two strands of RNA • The enzyme reverse transcriptase • Envelope- lipoprotein with spikes-gp 120 |
| How does HIV reproduce? | • Virus enters through mucous membrane • Glycoprotein spikes(gp 120) on the virus surface recognize the CD4 receptors on the T cell surface • Co-receptors are also required (Chemokin CCR5) • Virus penetrates the T cell • After uncoating, the reverse transcriptase produces double stranded DNA • This DNA is now incorporated into host DNA(provirus)- remains latent • Reactivated provirus produces viral mRNA• Synthesis of coat proteins, mature virus is released by budding • New virus particle may not be released- latent virion |
| What are the stages of HIV infection? | • Caegory A- swollen lymph nodes are the only symptoms • Category B- yeast infection of mouth, throat, or vagina • Category C- Al symptoms of AIDs- yeast infections, tuberculosis, Kaposi's sarcoma |
| Other characteristics of AIDs | • The number of T cells is an indicator of AIDs progression • Normal number of T celss= 800-1000/mm^3 • Bellow 200/mm^3- AIDs • About 5% of infected persons do not develop symptoms of AIDs ( less virulent virus strain or T cells more effective, deletion of CCR5 |
| Detection of AIDs | • ELISA for HIV antibodies • Disadvantages of the method- Positive results need to be confirmed with western blot Antibodies detectable after 3 months (seroconversion) Plasma viral load test- PCR of viral RNA |
| Transmission of HIV | • Not transmitted by casual contact • Possible transmission routs: • Sexual contact, breast milk, transplacental infection of fetus, organ transplant, blood transfusion, blood contaminated needles(39 health care workers have been infected- most by needle stick) |
| HIV vaccines | • Development of effective HIV vaccine is hindered by: • Lack of suitable animal host • Rapid mutation • Virus has developed clades- different in different geographic regions |
| Chemotherapy of HIV | • Treatment includes combination of drugs • Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors • Protease inhibitors( inhibition of coat synthesis) • Other potential targets: • Fusion inhibitors • Integrase inhibitors (cDNA must be integrated into host DNA) |
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