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The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience Locke The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of different levels of analysis in exploring ________ and _____________ behavior, mental processes the psychological perspective that places the most emphasis on how observable responses are learned is the _________ perspective behavioral A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in: basic research the first psychology laboratory was established by _______ in the year ______. Wundt 1879 Today, psychology is a discipline that does/does not connect with a diversity of other fields? does Today, psychology is defined as ____________________ scientific study of behavior and mental processes The psychological views of William James are to those of Edward Titchener as _________ is to ___________ functionalism, structuralism Juwan eagerly opened an online trading account, believing that his market savvy would allow him to pick stock that would make him a rich day trader. This belief best illustrates: overconfidence The scientific attitude of ________ is based on the belief that ideas need to be tested against observable evidence skepticism True or false: Animals are used in psychological research more often than they are killed by humane animal shelters false True or false: No psychological theory can be considered a good one until it produces testable predictions True Events seem more predictable after they have occurred is an example of _____________ the hindsight bias True or false: Psychologists' personal values can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data true To ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists use: operational definitions Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or ________, of an entire group, or ________. random sample; population The four families on your block all have annual household incomes of 25,000. If a new family with an annual income of 75,000 moved in, which measure of central tendency would be most affected? mean If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, then people with _____ feet have high IQ's small What is the mode of the following distribution: 5, 6, 2, 0, 8, 9, 6, 4, 1, 0, 6, 6 In order to determine the effects of a new drug on memory, one group of people is given a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a sugar pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes the _________. control group To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectation will influence a study's results, scientists employ __________ double blind procedure Your roommate is conducting a survey to learn how many hours the typical college student studies each day. She plans to pass out her questionnaire to the members of her sorority. How is this flawed? the sample is not representative of the population of interest Bob scored 43 out of 70 points on his psychology exam. He was worried until he discovered that most of the class earned the same score. Bobs score was equal to the: mode When a difference b/t two groups is "statistically significant," this means that: the difference is not likely to be due to chance variation Know how to find the mean of a set of numbers ok Rashad, who is participating in a psychology experiment on the effects of alcohol on perception, is truthfully told by the experimenter that he has been assigned to the "high dose condition." With Rashad and the experimenter's knowing this,_________ and _________ will be affected. Rashad's performance, the experimenter's interpretation Epinephrine and norepinephrine are _________ that are released by the ________ gland hormones, adrenal The pain of heroin withdrawal may be attributable to the fact that under the influence of heroin the brain increases/ceases production of ________. ceases, endorphins. The neurotransmitter ACh is most likely to be found at _________ and ________ motor neurons, muscle fibers What's the major problem with phrenology? The brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our categories of behavior When Sandy scalded her toe in a tub of hot water, the pain message was carried to her spinal cord by the _______ nervous system somatic A strong stimulus can increase the: number of times the neuron fires Der. Hernandez is studying neurotransmitter abnormalities in depressed patients. She would most likely describe herself as a _________ psychologist. biological The myelin sheath that is on some neurons ____________. increases the speed of neural transmission A neuron will generate action potentials more often when it receive more ________ than ________ inputs excitatory, inhibitory Put the following in the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse: axon, cell body, dendrite, and synapse? dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse What disease involves the death of nerve cells that produce a vital neurotransmitter? Parkinson's Research has found that the amount of representation in the motor cortex reflects the ______________ degree of precise control required by each part. Most complex activities emerge from the activity of just the right/ just the left/ both hemispheres in the brain. both Cortical areas that are not primarily concerned with sensory, motor, or language functions are called __________ association areas The nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split brain patients form a structure called the: corpus callosum Though there is no single "control center" for emotions, their regulation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as the: limbic system Following a head injury, a person has ongoing difficulties staying awake(arousal), Most likely, the damage occurred to the: reticular formation Beginning at the front of the brain and moving toward the back of the head, then down the skull and back around to the front, what is the correct order of the cortical regions? frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster "saw" with his hears and "heard" with his eyes. It is likely that DR. Frankenstein rewired neural connections in the monster's: thalamus A scientist from another planet wishes to study the simplest brain mechanisms underlying emotion and memory. You recommend that the scientist study the ________ of a creature. limbic system The brain research technique that involves monitoring the brain's usage of glucose is called a __________ PET scan If Dr. Rogers wishes to conduct an experiment on the effects of stimulating the reward centers of a rat's brain, he should insert an electrode in to the hypothalamus The ______ hemisphere specializes in picture recognition right People are biologically predisposed to protect their offspring, fear heights, and be attracted to fertile-appearing members of the opposite sex are beliefs of the _________ perspective evolutionary The complete instructions for making an organism is: the human genome When the effect of one factor(such as environment) depends on another (such as heredity), we say there is a(n) _______ between the two factors interaction each cell of the human body has a total of ___________ 46 chromosomes Dr. Ross believes that principles of natural selection help explain why infants come to fear strangers about the time they become mobile. Dr. Ross is most likely a(n) _______ psychologist evolutionary Of the relatively few genetic difference among humans ____ percent are differences among population groups less than 1 The fertilized egg will develop into a boy if, at conception the sperm contributes a ____ chromosome and the egg contributes a _____ chromosome Y, X My sibling and I developed from a single fertilized egg. Who are we? same/opposite identical/fraternal twins same, identical The hormone ______ stimulates growth of the male sex organs testosterone If raised in a deprived environment, your cortex would be ______ and ______ lighter, thinner __________ refers to how our knowledge and expectations influence perception top- down processing The study of perception is primarily concerned with how we ________________ interpret sensory stimuli True/ false: the brain processes some information without our awareness true True/ False: Stimuli too weak to cross our thresholds for awareness may trigger a response in our sense receptors true True/ false Because the "absolute" threshold is a statistical average, we are able to detect weaker stimuli some of the time true If you can just notice the difference b/t 10 and 11 pound weights, how much would a second weight be to where you could differentiate from a 100 pound weight? 110 Given normal sensory ability, a person standing atop a mountain on a dark, clear night can see a candle flame atop a mountain 30 miles away. This is a description of visions: absolute threshold Finding the cold water of a swimming pool warmer after you have been in it for a while is an example of: sensory adaption ________ refers to how the physical characteristics of stimuli influence their interpretation Bottom-up processing _______ is to recognizing a stimulus as _______ is to interpretating a stimulus sensation, perception The perceptual error in which we fail to see an object when our attention is directed elsewhere is ________ inattentional blindness In shopping for a new stereo, you discover that you cannot differentiate between the sounds of models X and Y. The difference between X and Y is below your: difference threshold A decrease in sensory responsiveness accompanying an unchanging stimulus is called: sensory adaption Superman's eyes used __________, while his brain used _________ bottom up processing, top down processing The brain breaks vision into separate dimensions such as color, depth, movement, and form, and works on each aspect simultaneously. This is called: parallel processing Neurons involved in color vision are stimulated by one color's wavelength and inhibited by another's is a belief of the ________ opponent-process theory One light may appear reddish and another greenish if they differ in wavelength _______ is when the image falls in front of the retina Nearsightedness Wavelength is to ______ as ______ is to brightness hue, intensity In the opponent process theory, the three pairs of processes are: red-green, blue-yellow, black-white I am a cell in the thalamus that is excited by red and inhibited by green. I am a(an) _____________ cell opponent-process The transduction of light energy into nerve impulses takes place in the retina In comparing the human eye to a camera, the film would be located in the eye's retina ______ enable color vision cones The process by which sensory information is converted into neural energy is transduction ______ are highly concentrated in the foveal region of the retina and have a higher absolute threshold for brightness than rods cones In order to maximize your sensitivity to fine visual detail you should: stare directly at the object Frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to ______ loudness The place theory of pitch perception cannot account for how we hear high/low pitch sounds low The hearing losses that occur with age are especially pronounced for high/low pitched sounds high Nerve deafness is caused by damage to the cochlea The frequency theory of hearing is better than place theory at explaining our sensation of highest/lowest pitches lowest For high/low frequencies, pitch is coded according to place of vibration on the basilar membrane high For higher/lower pitches, the rate of neural activity in the auditory nerve matches the sound's frequency lower List the correct order of structures through which sound travels after entering the ear. (out of auditory canal, cochlea, eardrum, and middle ear) auditory canal, eardrum, middle ear, cochlea Dr. Frankenstein has forgotten to give his monster an important part; as a result, the monster cannot transduce sound. Dr. Frankenstein omitted the: basilar membrane 75 year old Claude has difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds. Most likely his hearing problem involves: the hair cells of his inner ear. Finding that food tastes bland when you have a bad cold or finding it difficult to maintain your balance when you have an ear infection are examples of: sensory interaction The principle that one sense may influence another is sensory interaction The receptors for taste are located in the taste buds What enables you to feel yourself wiggling your toes even with your eyes closed? kinesthesis _________ involves information from the muscles, tendons, and joints kinesthesis According to the gate-control theory, a way to alleviate chronic pain would be to stimulate the large/small nerve fibers that open/close the spinal gate large, close _______ has no special receptors, no single stimulus, and is influenced by both physical and psychological phenomena pain Of the four distinct skin senses(warmth, cold, pressure, pain), the only one that has definable receptors is pressure The depth cue that occurs when we watch stable objects at different distances as we are moving is relative motion The illusion that the St. Louis Gateway arch appears taller than it is wide is based on our sensitivity to which monocular depth cue relative height The _____ theory of perception states that the mind organizes sensations into meaningful perceptions Gestalt The tendency to organize stimuli into smooth, uninterrupted patterns is called continuity When two familiar objects of equal size cast unequal retinal images, the object that casts the smaller/larger retinal image will be perceived as being more distant smaller Studying the road map before her trip, Colleen had no trouble following the route of the highway she planned to travel. Colleen's ability illustrates the principle of continuity The visual cliff tests an infant's perceptual sensitivity to which depth cue? texture gradient When the traffic light changed from red to green, the drivers on both sides of Leo's vehicle pulled quickly forward,giving Leo the disorienting feeling that his car was rolling backward. Which principle explains Leo's misperception? visual capture Because the flowers in the foreground appeared coarse and grainy, the photographer decided that the picture was taken too near the sect. This conclusion was based on which depth cue? texture gradient As we move, viewed objects cast changing shapes on our retinas, although we do not perceive the objects as changing. This is part of the phenomenon of perceptual constancy the phenomenon of size constancy is based upon the close connection b/t an object's perceived ______ and its perceived _______ size, distance Objects higher in our field of vision are perceived as _________ due to the principle of relative height farther away The term gestalt means whole Your friend tosses you a frisbee. You know that its getting closer instead of larger because of size constancy If you slowly bring your finger toward your face until it eventually touches your nose, eye-muscle cues called _______ convey depth information to your brain convergence According to the philosopher _____, we learn to perceive the world Locke Kittens and monkeys reared seeing only diffuse, unpatterned light later had difficulty perceiving the [size/color/or shape] of objects shape Regina claims that she can bend spoons and levitate furniture. Regina apparently believes she has the power of psychokinesis A person claiming to be able to read another's mind is claiming to have the ESP ability of telepathy Thanks to _______ psychologists, TiVo and DVR have solved the TV recording problem caused by the complexity of VCRs human factors Adults who are born blind but later have their vision restored typically are unable to _______ recognize familiar objects Disordered behaviors arise from the interaction of _____ and _____. nature, nurture The french reformer who insisted that madness was not demon possession and who called for humane treatment of patients was Pinel Disorders such as ________ are universal whereas others, such as anorexia nervosa are culture bound depression The diagnostic reliability of DSM-IV is high/low high The term insanity refers to legal definitions True/false: A behavior cannot be defined as abnormal unless it is considered harmful to society false True/false: Definitions of abnormal behavior are culture-dependent true The fact that disorders such as schizophrenia are universal and influenced by heredity, whereas other disorders such as anorexia nervosa are culture-bound provides evidence for the ______model of psychological disorders biopsychosocial Our early ancestors commonly attributed disordered behavior to evil spirits true/false: Labels interfere with effective treatment of psychological disorders false true/false: Labels may influence behavior by creating self-fulfilling prophecies true True/false: The medical model views psychological disorders as sicknesses that are diagnosable and treatable true Behavior is classified as disordered when it is _______, ________, and ________. deviant, distressful, dysfunctional Many psychologists dislike using the DSM-IV because of its ______ ______ bias medical model 13 year old Ronald constantly fidgets in his seat at school, frequently blurts out answers without being called, and is extremely distractible. A psychiatrist might diagnose him with ADHD Irene occasionally experiences unpredictable episodes of intense dread accompanied by chest pains and a sensation of smothering, since her symptoms have no apparent cause, they would probably be classified as indicative of panic attack Joe has an intense, irrational fear of snakes. He is suffering from a phobia the _______ perspective would most likely view phobias as displaced responses to incompletely repressed impulses psychoanalytic Phobias and obsessive compulsive behaviors are classified as _________ disorders anxiety Sharon is continually tense, jittery, and apprehensive for no reason. She would be diagnosed as suffering a(an) generalized anxiety disorder Jason is so preoccupied with staying clean that he showers as many as 10 times a day. Jason would we diagnosed as suffering from a(an) obsessive-compulsive disorder After falling from a ladder, Joseph is afraid of airplanes, although he has never flown. This demonstrates that some fears arise from : stimulus generalization Julia's psychologist believes that Julia's fear of heights can be traced to a conditioned fear she developed after falling from a ladder. This explanation reflects a ______ perspective learning which of the following is a person most likely to acquire a phobia(heights, being in public, being dirty) heights When expecting to be electrically shocked, people with an antisocial personality disorder, as compared to normal people, show greater/less fear and greater/less autonomic arousal less, less Nicholas Spanos considers dissociative identity disorder to be role playing Psychoanalytic and learning theorists both agree that dissociative disorders are symptoms that represent the person's attempt to deal with anxiety As a child, Monica was criticized severely by her mother for not living up to her expectations, followed by a eating with a whip. As an adult, Monica's shy and introverted. Sometimes, however, she acts more like a child, throwing tantrums if she doesn't get her way. At other times, she is a flirting, happy-go-lucky young lady. Most likely, she's suffering from: dissociative identity disorder Bob has never been able to keep a job. He's been in and out of jail for charges such as theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having a(an) antisocial personality Dr. Jekyll, whose second personality was Mr. Hyde, had a(an) _______ disorder dissociative According to the social-cognitive perspective, a person who experiences unexpected aversive events may develop helplessness and manifest a _______ disorder mood Alicia's doctor, who thinks that Alicia's depression has a biochemical cause, prescribes a drug that increases norepinephrine Which of the following is the most pervasive(everywhere) of the psychological disorders? depression Connie's therapist has suggested that her depression stems from unresolved anger toward her parents. Evidently, Connie's therapist is working within the ______ perspective psychoanalytic Gender differences in the prevalence of depression may be partly due to the fact that when stressful experiences occur women tend to _______, while men tend to ______ think, act According to psychoanalytic theory, memory of losses, especially in combination with internalized anger, is likely to result in depression In general, women are more vulnerable than men to active/passive disorders such as ______. passive, depression Which neurotransmitter is present in overabundant amounts during the manic phase of bipolar disorder norepinephrine On Monday, Matt felt optimistic, energetic, and on top of the world. On Tuesday, he felt hopeless and lethargic, and thought that the future looked very grim. Matt would most likely be diagnosed as having: bipolar disorder Social-cognitive theorists contend that ______ is linked with negative moods, maladaptive explanations of failure, and self-defeating beliefs depression True/false:Depression is more common in females than in males true True/false:Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event. false True/false: Most depressive episodes last less than three months true