| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Eukaryotes | has a more complex Gene regulation |
| multicellular | most eukaryotes are? |
| spatially and temporally | Eukaryote genes are regulated _____ and ______? |
| helix-turn-helix,zinc finger, and leucine zipper | the common binding proteins in eukaryotes |
| helix-turn-helix | two helices separated by a loop |
| finger motif | Most zinc finger proteins have several repeats of the |
| leucine zipper | A helix of leucine amino acids, attached to a helix of basic amino acids |
| Eukaryotes | Naked DNA is not transcribed |
| Prokaryotes | Naked DNA is transcribed |
| positive control | because Binding of transcription factors and other factors is required for transcription to occur, most transcription regulation is |
| nucleosomes | eukaryotic DNA is wound up on |
| gene expression regulation | chromatin structure changes are associated with |
| DNAse I hypersensitivity | Chromatin Structure Changes are detected by |
| Histone modification,Chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation | mechanisms of chromatin structure changes |
| histone modifications | Phosphorylation, Methylation, and Acetylation |
| DNA methylation | a mechanism to inhibit transcription |
| basal transcription apparatus | Upstream regulatory elements influence the activity of the |
| multiple | eukaryotic genes have ---------------- binding sites |
| enhancer | sequence that stimulates high levels of transcription, sometimes at a long distance from the promoter |
| steroid hormones | act as effector molecules to stimulate transcription |
| spatial regulation | Tissue-specific enhancers |
| tissue specific enhancers | Transcription of this gene is activated in different tissues through separate enhancer elements |
| eukaryotes | More post-transcriptional regulation than in bacteria |
| gene regulation | Alternate splicing of pre-mRNA is a form of |
| sex determination | Alternative splicing controls ------------ in Drosphila? |
| Active Tra protein | only made in female Drosphila flies |
| gene regulation | mRNA stability is a mechanism of |
| the more protein can be made | The longer the mRNA is available to be translated |
| cytoplasm | Different mRNAs have different life spans in the |
| length of the poly-A tail and sequence of the 3' untranslated region | Stability of the mRNA is affected by the |
| translation | The expression of some eukaryotic genes is regulated by the availability of components required for |
| translation regulation | Availability of translation factors, and Regulatory protein binding to 5' and 3' un-translated regions |
| operons | most eukaryotic genes are not organized in |
| prokaryotes | transcribed together on a single mRNA molecule |
| eukaryotes | transcribed separately with its own promoter |
| eukaryotes | chromatin structure affects gene expression in |
| unwind from the histone proteins | before transcription to take place in eukaryotes,DNA must |
| eukaryotes | activators are more common in |
| nuclear membrane | separates transcription and translation in time and space |
| DNAse I hypersensitivity sites | regions around the genes the become highly sensitive to DNase I |
| 1000 nucleotides up stream | DNase I H-sites develop where? |
| globular and positive charged tail | the two domains of histone modification |
| histone code | modifications such as phosphate groups, methy and acetyl groups that affect how genes are expressed |
| acetyltransferase | acetyl groups are added to histone proteins by |
| deacetylases | strip acetyl groups from histones and restore chromatin structure |
| acetylation of histone proteins | alter chromatin structure and permits some transcription factors to bind to DNA |
| FLC gene | encodes a transcriptional activator protein that acts on other genes effecting flowering |
| FLD | encodes a deacetylase enzyme that removes acetyl groups from histone proteins in the chromatin surrounding FLC |
| the chromatin that surrounds FLC | FLD stimulates flowering in Arabidopsis by deacetylating------? |
| chromatin-remodeling complexes | factors that alter the chemical structure of the histones directly |
| chromatin-remodeling complexes | bind directly to sites on DNA and reposition nucleosomes, allowing transcription factors to bind promoters and initiate transcription |
| SWI-SNF | example of chromatin remodeling complex |
| cytosine bases adjacent to guanine nucleotides | DNA methylation is most common in |
| CpG islands | regions w/ many CpG sequences found near transcription start sites |
| transcriptional activator proteins | stimulate and stabilize the basal transcription apparatus at the core promoter |
| insulators | boundary elements |
| insulators | DNA sequences that block or insulate the effect of enhancers in a position-dependent manner |
| it blocks the action of the enhancer | what happens if the insulator lies between the enhancer and the promoter? |
| it has no effect | what happens if the insulator lies outside the region of the enhancer and promoter |
| heat-shock proteins | help prevent damage from such stressing agents |
| response elements | a common regulatory element upstream of the start site that contain short consensus that provide binding sites for transcriptional activators |
| metallothionein gene | protects cells from the toxicity of heavy metals by encoding a protein that binds to heavy metals & removes them from cells. |
| TRE | response element that stimulates transcription in the presence of AP1 |
| AP1 | an activated protein |
| GRE | located 250 nucleotides upstream that stimulates transcription in response to certain hormones |
| MRE | elevates the rate of transcription of the metallothinonein gene |
| T-antigen gene | capable of encoding two different proteins |
| SF2 | enhances the production of mRNA encoding the small t antigen |
| SR proteins | proteins that play a role in regulating splicing |
| RNA-binding region, and alternating serine and arginine amino acids | Two domains of SF2 |
| small and large T-antigen | alternative splicing leads to the production of what in mammalian virus SV40? |
| PABP's | the presence of these proteins at the 3' end of mRNA protects the 5' cap |
| dicer | enzyme that cleaves and processes double stranded RNA to produce siRNAs or miRNAs that are 21-25 nucleotids in length |
| siRNA and miRNA regulate gene expression | cleavage of mRNA,inhibition of translation,transcriptional silencing, and degredation or mRNA |
| 3'UTR | in RNA silencing, siRNAs and miRNAs usually bindo to----------of the mRNA they control |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace