Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Landmark Court Cases
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Created by:
GuadarrS98439 on December 18, 2011
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46 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Gitlow v. New York | 1925: S.C. says the First Amendment applies to states. |
| Palko v. Connecticut | 1937: S.C. says states must observe all "fundamental" liberties. |
| Schenk v. United States | 1919 Speech may be punished if it presents a clear and present danger test of illegal acts. |
| Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire | 1942: "Fighting words" are not protected by the first amendment. |
| New York Times v. Sullivan | 1964: To libel a public figure, there must be actual malice. |
| Tinker v. Des Moines | 1969: Public school students have the right to wear black armbands to protest the Vietnam War when such display does not disrupt class |
| Miller v. California | 1973: Obscenity defined as appealing to prurient interests of an average person with materials that lack literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. |
| Texas v. Johnson | 1989: There may not be a law to ban flag burning. |
| Reno v. ACLU | 1977: A law that bans sending "indecent" material to minors over the internet is unconstitutional because "indecent" is too broad a term. |
| McConnel v. Federal Election Commision | 2003: Upholds 2002 campaign finance reform law |
| FEC v. Wisconsin Right to Live | 2007: Prohibits campaign finance reform law from banning political advocacy. |
| Pierve v. Society of Sisters | 1925: Though states may require public education, they may not require that students attend only public schools |
| Everson v. Board of Education | 1947: The wall-of-separation principle is announced. |
| Zorauch v. Clauson | 1952: States may allow students to be released from school attend religious instruction. |
| Engel v. Vitale | 1962: There may not be a prayer, even a nondenominational one, in public schools. |
| Lemon v. Kurtzman | 1971: Three tests are described for deciding whether the government is improperly involved with religion. |
| Lee v. Weisman | 1992: Public schools may not have clergy lead prayers at graduation ceremonies. |
| Santa Fe Independent School District v. Doe | Students may not lead prayers before the start of a football game at a public school. |
| Zelman v. Simmons-Harris | 2002: Voucher plan to pay for school bills is upheld. |
| Mapp v. Ohio | 1961: Evidence illegally gathered by the police may not be used in a criminal investigation |
| Gideon v. Wainwright | 1964: Persons charged with a crime have the right to an attorney even though they cannot afford one. |
| Miranda v. Arizona | 1966: Court describes ruling that police must give to arrested persons |
| United States v. Leon | 1984: Illegally obtained evidence may be used in a trial if it was gathered in good faith without violating the principles of the Mapp decision. |
| Dickerson v. United States | 2000: The Mapp decision is based on the Constitution and it cannot be altered by Congress passing a law. |
| Rasul v. Bush and Hamdi v. Rumsfeld | 2004: Terrorist detainees must have access to a neutral court to decide of they are legally held. |
| Dred Scott Case (Scott v. Sanford) | 1857: Congress had no authority to ban slavery in a territory. A slave was considered property. |
| Plessy v. Fergueson | 1896: Upheld separate but equal facilities for black and white people on railroad cars. |
| Brown v. Board of Education | 1954: Said separate public schools are inherently unequal, thus starting racial desegregation |
| Green v. County School Board of New Kent County | 1968: Banned a freedom-of-choice plan for integrated schools, suggesting blacks and whites must actually attend racially mixed schools. |
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education | 1971: Approved busing and redrawing district lines as ways of integrating public schools |
| Reed v. Reed | 1971: Gender discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Constitution. |
| Craig v. Boren | 1976: Gender discrimination can only be justified if it serves "important governmental objectives" and be "substantially related to those objectives." |
| Rostker v. Goldberg | 1981: Congress can draft men without drafting women. |
| United States v. Virginia | 1996: State may not finance an all-male military school. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | 1965: Found a "right to privacy" in the Constitution that would ban any state law against selling contraceptives |
| Roe v. Wade | 1973; State laws against abortion were unconstitutional |
| Webster v, Reproductive Health Services | 1989: Allowed states to ban abortions from public hospitals and permitted doctors to test to see if fetuses were viable |
| Planned Parenthood v. Casey | 1992: Reaffirmed Roe v. Wade but upheld certain limits on its use. |
| Gonzales v. Carthart | 2007: Federal law may ban certain forms of partial birth abortion. |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | 1978: a quota-like ban on Bakke's admission was unconstitutional but that diversity was a legitimate goal that could be pursued by taking race into account |
| United Steel Workers v. Weber | 1979: this case upheld the use of race in an employment agreement between the steelworkers union and steel plant. |
| Richmond v. Croson | 1989: Affirmative action plans must be judged by the strict scrutiny standard that requires any race-conscious plan to be narrowly tailored to serve a compelling interest. |
| Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger | 2003: Numerical benefits cannot be used to admit minorities into college, but race can be a "plus factor" in making those decisions. |
| Parents v. Seattle School District | 2007: Race cannot be used to decide which students may attend especially popular high schools because this was not "narrowly tailored" to achieve a "compelling" goal. |
| Lawrence v. Texas | 2003: State law may not ban sexual relations between same-sex partners |
| Boy Scouts of America v. Dale | 2000: A private organization may ban gays from its membership. |
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