| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Thorax | what is formed by the 12 ribs, sternum, and 12 thoracic vertebrae |
| Nose, Pharynx, Larynx | what does the upper airway consist of |
| Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts, Alveolus | what does the lower airway consist of |
| Atelectasis | what is airlessness or collapse of a portion or entire lung |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | what is it when infants are born without surfactant |
| 2 | the left lung has how many lobes |
| 3 | the right lung has how many lobes |
| Visceral | what lines the lungs |
| Parietal | what lines the walls of athe thorax |
| Active | inspiration is always what type of process |
| Passive | quiet expiration is always what type of process |
| Active | when quiet expiration becomes labored or difficult it is a what type of process |
| Diaphram | what is the main muscle of inspiration |
| Diaphram | what seperates the thoracic and abdominal cavities |
| Pherinic, C3-5 | what nerve innervates the diaphragm and at what level |
| Intercostals | what asssist the diaphragm in breathing by pulling the ribs out |
| External intercostals | what intercostals run down and in |
| Internal intercostals | what intercostasl run down and out |
| External intercostals | what intercostals help with inspiration |
| Internal intercostals | what intercostals help with expiration |
| SCM & Scalenes & Serratus anterior | what are the accessory muscles |
| Pec Major & Pec Minor & Trap | what are the accessory muscles |
| Erector spinae | what are the accessory muscles |
| Coughing | what is the most common type of forced expiration |
| Elastic recoil | what is elastin allows lungs to return to original shape after being stretched |
| Compliance | what is the ease of inflation of the lungs during inspiration |
| Compliance | what equals change in volume/change in pressure (C=V/P) |
| Out | with too high of compliance air doesn't get where in the lungs |
| In | with too low of compliance air doesn't get where in the lungs |
| Bronchioconstriction | with the parasympathetic system what happens to the bronchioles |
| Bronchiodilation | with the sympathetic system what happens to the bronchioles |
| Diffusion | what is the process of getting gases to and from alveoli and capillaries |
| 70 | what % of gas exchange happens with diffusion |
| 100 | with partial pressure how much Pao2 is in the arterial blood |
| 40 | with partial pressure how much Paco2 is in the arterial blood |
| 40 | with partial pressure how much Pvo2 is in the venous blood |
| 46 | with partial pressure how much Pvco2 is in the venous blood |
| Pvo2 | what partial pressure goes down with exercise |
| Bicarbonate | for CO2 to travel in the blood what must it be first |
| 24 | what is the normal Hco3 (bicarbonate) found in the blood |
| 40 | what is the normal Paco2 found in the blood |
| 7.4 | what is the normal pH found in the blood |
| 12-16 | what is the normal hemoglobin for females |
| 14-18 | what is the normal hemoglobin for males |
| 90 | if O2 sat falls below what % supplemental O2 is needed |
| 70 | if O2 sat falls below what % vital functions begin to cease |
| Central chemotreceptors | what regulate minute to minute ventilation |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors | what maintain appropriate oxygen levels throughout the body over time |
| Cortical centers | stimulus where causes you to think you need more oxygen, so you breathe more |
| Joint and muscle receptors | stimulus where when muscles fire and joints move, signals are sent that respiration should increase |
| Tidal volume (TV) | what volume of inspired or expired air with each breath (normal breathing) |
| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) | what is amount of air that can be taken in over and beyond normal TV |
| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) | what is amount of air that can be expired with forceful expiration after the end of normal TV expriation |
| Residual volume (RV) | what is volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration |
| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) | IRV + TV |
| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) | ERV + RV |
| Vital Capacity (VC) | ERV + TV + IRV |
| Total Lung Capacity (TLC) | TV + IRV + ERV + RV |
| Minute ventilation | what is the amount of air inspired or expired in one minute |
| Maximal voluntary ventilation | what is the max amount of air that can be taken in over one minute |
| Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) | what is the max amount of air that can be forced out following max inspiration |
| VC normally | what does FVC equal |
| Force expiratory volumes (FEV) | what indicates the patient'as ability to cough |
| 72-83 | what % of FEV occurs in one second |
| 92-97 | what % of FEV occurs in three seconds |
| Obstructive disease | which pulmonary disfunction has high lung volumes (difficulty getting air out) |
| Restrictive disease | which pulmonary disfunction has low lung volumes (difficulty getting air in) |
| Arterial Blood Gases | what does ABG's stand for |
| ABG's | what tells how well lungs are oxygenating |
| Venous blood | wha tells how well extremities are oxygenating |
| Buffers | what acid-base mechanism maintains balance in less than one second |
| Respiratory mechanism | what acid-base mechanism maintains balance in 1-3 minutes |
| Kidneys | what acid-base mechanism maintains balance in hours or days |
| Respiratory acidosis | what does hypoventilation (too much CO2,hypercapnea) lead to |
| Increase ventilation | what is the correction for respiratory acidosis |
| Decrease bicarbonate excretion | what is the compensation for respiratory acidosis |
| Respiratory acidosis | what has a increased acid, decreased pH (inability for lungs to eliminate CO2) |
| Respiratory alkalosis | what does hyperventilation (too little CO2,hypocapnea) lead to |
| Respiratory alkalosis | what has a decreased acid, increased pH (increased elimination of CO2 by lungs) |
| Decrease ventilation | what is the correction for respiratory alkalosis |
| Increase bicarbonate excretion | what is the compensation for respiratory alkalosis |
| Metabolic acidosis | what does decreased bicarbonate lead to |
| Metabolic acidosis | what has decreased base, decreased pH |
| Decreased bicarbonate excretion | what is the correction for metabolic acidosis |
| Increase ventilation | what is the compensation for metabolic acidosis |
| Metabolic alkalosis | what does increased bicarbonate lead to |
| Metabolic alkalosis | what has increased base, increased pH |
| Increase bicarbonate excretion | what is the correction for metabolic alkalosis |
| Decrease ventilation | what is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis |
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