Industrial Revolution
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Created by:
emilyrusso on December 20, 2011
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Anesthetic | drug that prevents pain during surgery |
| Enclosures | one of the fenced in or hedged in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by villagers |
| Crop Rotation | the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land |
| Smelt | separate iron from its ore |
| James Watt | improved steam engine |
| Factory | a plant consisting of buildings with facilities for manufacturing |
| Factors of Production | land, labor, and capital; the three groups of resources that are used to make all goods and services |
| Capital | wealth in the form of money or property owned by a person or business and human resources of economic value |
| Turnpike | privately built road that charges a fee to travelers who use it |
| Robert Fulton | inventor of the steamboat |
| Urbanization | movement of people from rural areas to cities |
| Tenement | a building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety |
| Luddities | group of working class laborers who attacked factories in england as the result of poor living and working conditions |
| Labor Unions | organizations of workers who, together, put pressure on the employers in an industry to improve working conditions and wages. |
| Middle Class | benefited most from the industrial revolution |
| Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790) |
| Capitalism | economic system in which private citizens own and use the factors of production in order to generate profits |
| Thomas Malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834) |
| Jeremy Bentham | believed that public problems should dealt with on a rational scientific basis. Believed in the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number. Wrote, Principles of Morals and Legislation. |
| Utilitarianism | idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people |
| Utopianism | the goal to create an ideal society based on cooperation and economic self-sufficiency |
| Socialism | an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all |
| Means of Production | farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods |
| Proletariat | working class |
| Karl Marx | founder of modern communism |
| The Communist Manifesto | the book written by Karl Marx and Frederich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism. |
| Communism | a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership |
| Dynamo | machine that generates electricity |
| Interchangeable Parts | identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufactoring |
| Assembly Line | mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it |
| Stock | a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation |
| Corporation | a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts |
| Cartel | a formal organization of producers that agree to coordinate prices and production |
| Monopolies | (economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller |
| Germ Theory | Idea that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases |
| Urban Renewal | the clearing and rebuilding and redevelopment of urban slums |
| Mutual-aid Society | self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers |
| Standard of Living | a level of material comfort in terms of goods and services available to someone |
| Cult of Domesticity | idealization of women and the home |
| Temperance | abstinence from alcohol self-control moderation |
| Suffrage | women's right to vote |
| Darwinism | a theory of organic evolution claiming that new species arise and are perpetuated by natural selection |
| Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion; racism |
| Social Gospel | the idea that churches should address social issues, predicting that socialism would be the logical outcome of Christianity |
| Romanticism | a movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature rather than civilization |
| Byronic Hero | one of these might be handsome, smart, heroic, and there is something dark in his past he can't let go of; Lord Byron |
| Realism | artistic representation that aims for visual accuracy |
| Impressionism | An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing |
| Expressionism | emphasizes the life of the mind and feelings rather than the realistic external details of everyday life |
| Pointillism | A school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye |
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