MicroAnatomy: Respiratory System
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Created by:
skyliele on April 20, 2009
Subjects:
Microscopic Anatomy, Physical Therapy
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 4 parts of the Respiratory Division of the lungs | Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar ducts, Alveolar sacs, Alveoli |
| The Air conduction division of the lungs ends at the level of the | Terminal bronchioles. |
| The core of cilia is composed of | Microtubules |
| cell types in ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium | Ciliated columnar cells, Mucous goblet cells, Brush cells, Basal cells, Small granule cell |
| Small granule cells of the typical respiratory epithelium function as | Local endocrine cells - secreting hormones in a paracrine fashion |
| Brush cells have numerous __ on their apical surfaces | Microvilli |
| Brush cells function as | Sensory receptors because afferent nerve fibers contact their basal surfaces |
| This type of epithelium lines some portions of the conducting division from nasal cavity to larynx | Stratified squamous moist epithelium |
| The significance of stratified squamous moist epithelium in portions of the conducting system | Protection against air flow due to smoother surface |
| Smooth muscle is more prominent in what part of the lungs? | End of bronchioles |
| Squamous metaplasia is the term for | Squamification (a word?) of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Occurs in smokers |
| This change in epithelial type is reversable | Squamous epithelium |
| 3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium | Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons), Supporting cells (ciliated), basal cells |
| Olfactory cells are replaced | throughout life |
| The lamina propria of the nasal cavity contains | Rich capillary network, large venous plexuses (swell bodies), glands (2 types) |
| Two types of glands in the nasal cavity lamina propria | Seromucous, Serous glands (Bowman's glands) |
| The purpose of the glands in the nasal cavity is to | break down substances for better activation of olfactory neurons |
| Nasopharynx is lined by | Typical respiratory epithelium |
| The vestibule of the nasal cavity is lined with (transition from...to...) | Keratinized epithelium transitioning to typical respiratory epithelium |
| Vibrassae are located in | the nasal vestibule |
| Sebaceous and sweat glands are located in (this part of the Respiratory system) | the first part of the nasal cavity's vestibule |
| 3 conchae (turbinate bones) are located in | Each of the 2 nasal fossae |
| The larynx connects... | the pharynx to the trachea |
| Vocal cords are located in the | larynx |
| Upper vocal cords are known as the | false vocal cords |
| The lower vocal cords are known as the | true vocal cords |
| What epithelium covers the true vocal cords? | Moist squamous epithelium |
| What epithelium covers the larynx? | It depends on the location within: true vocal cords and epiglottis are covered by stratified squamous epithelium, but typical respiratory epithelium covers the fast vocal cords and the remainder of the larynx |
| Purpose of the epiglottis | more turbulance |
| Intrinsic muscles of the larynx have this purpose | Help to change the diameter of the larynx, which is narrowed for increased velocity when coughing |
| The first signs of alveoli/gas exchange are in this part of the lungs | the respiratory bronchioles |
| Cells of the respiratory bronchioles | Few ciliated cells, some Clara cells |
| Epithelium of alveolar ducts | Simple squamous epithelium, mostly Type I alveolar cells, occasional type II alveolar cells |
| In the alveolar ducts, smooth muscle is located only | around the rim of the alveoli |
| Primary CT support of alveolar sacs | elastic and reticular fibers |
| Surfactant of lungs has these 2 fluid layers | Aqueous proteinaceous hypophase covered by phospholipid monolayer |
| Without surfactant, alveoli would | collapse |
| Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome is... | Associated with premature birth. Leading cause of death in premies, Alveoli are collapsed due to deficiency of surfactant |
| The interalveolar septa contain... | capillaries, LCT with elastic, reticular and collagen fibers, fibroblasts and various leukocytes including Macrophages |
| When hemoglobin breaks down and alveolar macrophages are filled with hemosiderin, the macrophages are called | heart failure cells |
| The richest capillary network in the body is found in the | interalveolar septum |
| Macrophage function in the lungs is impaired by | Smoking, Viral infections, Ethanol ingestion |
| The blood air barrier has these three components | Alveolar type I cells, fused (tight junctions) basal lamina of alveolar and endothelial cells, endothelial cells |
| Alveolar pores are a.k.a. | pores of Kuhn |
| Purpose of alveolar pores/pores of Kuhn | equalize pressure between neighboring alveoli, collateral air circulation when bronchiole obstructed, (means for spread of infections) |
| 2 vascular supplies of the lungs | one is nutritional and one for gas exchange...these combine at deep levels |
| Characteristic of pulmonary arteries: | thin walls due to low pressure |
| Three types of neural innervation to respiratory system | Parasympathetic (Vagus nerve), Sympathetic and Sensory |
| Sympathetic system functions to __ bronchii and bronchioles | Dilate |
| Parasympathetic system functions to __ bronchi and bronchioles | Constrict |
| Bronchial vessels supply | nutrients to the larger airways |
| Bronchial vessels branch from the | aorta |
| Pleural fibers are... | collagen and elastic fibers |
| Fluid between the pleura is like | pulmonary surfactant |
| Pleura tissue | simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) and thin layer of CT with lots of capillaries and lymph vessels |
| Pulmonary veins are found in the | parynchema, away from the airways, venules enter the interlobular septum and follow bronchial tree to the hilum |
| The order in which pulmonary defense mechanisms kick in | Vibrassae in nasal passages; Mucociliary transport in trachea, bronchioles; Alveolar macrophages, Lymphoid tissue |
| Non-motile cilia can be a result of | Kartagener syndrome (dynein deficiency) |
| Without functioning cilia,... | poor clearing of lungs, congestion, pooling of mucous, lowered gas exchange |
| Pulmonary emboli obstruct... | pulmonary artery or branch...no blood flows to alveoli |
| Lysosomes in phagosomes are called | phagolysosomes |
| A phagolysosome is the result of | when a cell can't break down material and it is held in the lysosome of the macrophage |
| Basal cells are | undifferentiated short cells. They Don't touch the lumen surface |
| Bowman's glands are located... | under the olfactory epithelium |
| what helps to keep food and fluid out larynx | laryngeal cartilages with some hyaline and some elastic |
| Seromucous glands of the trachea are found mostly | between the cartilagenous rings |
| Trachealis muscle is... | the smooth muscle at the back of the cartilage rings of the trachea. |
| Contraction of what muscle in the lungs is part of the cough reflex | trachealis |
| ligaments of the trachea connecting the cartilage rings are predominately | Fibroelastic ligaments |
| Lymphocytes and lymphatic nodules are located particularly | at the branching points of the bronchi |
| Clara cells are found where? | Terminal bronchioles. |
| Neuroepithelial bodies are | groups of cells with secretory granules associated with cholinergic nerve terminals. (Believed to be chemoreceptors, similar to brush cells). Found in normal bronchial epithelium |
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