Chapter 6 Word Bank
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claudiacosta on December 21, 2011
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67 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Light Energy | Radiant Energy From the sun |
| Chemical energy | that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction |
| Free energy | energy that is available to do work |
| Nutrients | a nourishing substance |
| Heterotrophs | organisms that cannot make their own food |
| Autotrophs | organisms that make their own food |
| Kilocalorie | a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure |
| Photosynthesis | synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy (especially in plants) |
| Cell respiration | the process in cells in which oxygen is used to release stored energy by breaking down sugar molecules |
| Producers | organisms that make their own food |
| Consumers | an organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their remains. |
| Decomposers | organisms that break down wastes and dead organisms and return raw materials to the environment |
| Food web | (ecology) a community of organisms where there are several interrelated food chains |
| Abiotic | non-living |
| Biotic | living |
| Ecosystem | collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment |
| Habitat | the type of environment in which an organism or group normally lives or occurs |
| Biosphere | the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist |
| Energy flow | The passage of energy through the components of an ecosystem |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | the fundamental principle of physics that the total energy of an isolated system is constant despite internal changes |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | a law stating that mechanical work can be derived from a body only when that body interacts with another at a lower temperature |
| Entropy | (thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for doing mechanical work |
| Heat energy | a form of energy that is transferred by a difference in temperature |
| Enzymes | proteins that act as biological catalysts |
| Catalysts | substance that speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up itself or permanently changed |
| Active site | the part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs |
| Substrate | the substance acted upon by an enzyme or ferment |
| Enzyme-Substrate complex | A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s). |
| Activation energy | energy needed to get a reaction started |
| Endergonic | chemical reaction requiring free energy in addition to enzymes and activation energy |
| Exergonic | chemical reaction that releases some form of energy, such as light or heat. |
| Metabolism | the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life |
| Hydrolysis | a chemical process in which a compound is broken down and changed into other compounds by taking up the elements of water. |
| Dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups |
| Oxidation | loss of electrons |
| Reduction | Gain of electrons |
| Redox reactions | A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. |
| Salivary amylase | in mouth, released by salivary glands and begins chemical breakdown of starch |
| Maltose | a white crystalline sugar formed during the digestion of starches |
| Gastrin | hormone produced in the stomach wall that stimulates sustained secretion of gastric juice |
| Pepsin | an enzyme produced in the stomach that splits proteins into peptones |
| Pepsinogen | precursor of pepsin, The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach. |
| Trypsin | an enzyme from the pancreas that digests proteins in the small intestine |
| Bile | a substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles |
| Lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats |
| Protease | Enzyme that digests protein |
| Sucrase | breaks down sucrose |
| Lock and Key Model | The model of the enzyme that shows the substrate fitting perfectly into the active site is called the |
| Induced Fit Model | The model of the enzyme that shows the substrate binding to the active site and the active site altering slightly is the |
| Optimum Temperature | Temperature at which an organism grows BEST |
| Optimum pH | the pH at which an enzyme has maximum potency and efficiency 5-7 |
| Optimum salinity | the most favorable salt concentration for maximum activity |
| Activator | A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene. |
| Cofactors | nonprotein helpers needed by enzymes |
| Coenzymes | An organic molecule that is a necessary participant in some enzymatic reactions; helps catalysis by donating or accepting electrons or functional groups; e.g., a vitamin, ATP, NAD+. |
| Vitamin | a tablet of substances that are thought to promote a healthy life |
| Competitive Inhibition | The process of a substance reducing the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. |
| Noncompetitive Inhibition | the act of binding to another part of an enzyme, causing the enzyme to change shape and making the active site less effective |
| Irreversible Inhibition | an inhibitor that binds covalently and cannot be removed |
| Allosteric Inhibitor | a substance that binds to an allosteric site on an enzyme and stabilizes the inactive form of the enzyme |
| Allosteric Regulation | The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site. |
| Feedback Inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |
| Metabolic pathways | a series of linked reactions in th cell; being with a particular reactant and terminate with a particular product. |
| Enzyme Efficiency | Kcat/Km: high value= high efficiency |
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