| Term | Definition |
|---|
| endocrine system | the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity |
| hormones | chemical substances that circulate through the blood & exert some measure of control over virtually every organ & tissue |
| endocrine glands | ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. ex. pituitary, adrenal glands |
| exocrine glands | release their secretions through ducts or tubes onto a body surface or into a cavity. ex. sweat, salivary or tear glands |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone | (TSH) Produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland & bind to receptors on cells of the thyroid gland, which in turn stimulates the synthesis of thyroxin. Regulated through a negative feed back loop. |
| thyroxin | hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells |
| antagonistic hormones | hormones that have opposing physiological properties, but that work together. Ex. insulin & glucagon have opposite effects on blood sugar levels. |
| steroid hormones | Made from cholesterol. Composed of 4 carbon rings attached to distinctive side chains that determine the unique properties of the hormones. Hydrophobic and fat soluble. |
| non-steroid hormones | made of either protein, peptides or amino acids. Not fat soluble (do not enter cell to exert their effect) Bind to the surface of target cells to trigger a rxn. within the cell. |
| pituitary gland | gland at the base of the brain that, together with the hypothalamus, functions as a control centre, coordinating the endocrine & nervous systems. Composed of 2 separate lobes; posterior & anterior |
| dopamine | released from the hypothalamus to act on the pituitary gland. It inhibits the secretion of prolactin |
| prolactin | released from the anterior pituitary gland to target the mammary glands. It stimulates & maintains milk production in lactating females |
| somatostatin | released from the hypothalamus to act on the pituitary gland. It inhibits the secretion of somatotropin(growth hormone) |
| somatotropin | (STH) Released from the anterior pituitary gland to target most cells to promote growth |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | (ACTH) Released from the anterior pituitary gland to target the adrenal cortex. It stimulates the release of hormones involved in stress responses. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | (FSH) Released from the anterior pituitary gland to target the ovaries & testes. In females it stimulates the development of follicles in the ovaries and in males it promotes the development of sperm cells (and stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone). |
| luteinizing hormone | (LH) Rreleased from the anterior pituitary gland to target the ovaries & testes. In females, it stimulates ovulation & formation of the corpus luteum and in males it stimulates the production of the sex hormone testosterone. |
| oxytocin | released from the posterior pituitary gland to target the uterus & mammary glands. It initiates strong contractions and triggers milk release in lactating females |
| antidiurectic hormone | (ADH) Released from the posterior pituitary gland to target the kidneys. It increases water reabsorption by kidneys. |
| pituitary dwarfism | Condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone slowing growth and causing short yet proportionate stature (not affecting intelligence), often treated during childhood with growth hormone. Puberty may be delayed or not occur at all. |
| gigantism | Excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager. Abnormal growth of long bones. Treatment; removal of tumour, radiation. |
| acromegaly | Hypersecretion of the GH in adults which causes an overgrowth of bones in the hands, feet, and face. Treatment; removal of tumour, radiation, drugs. |
| diabetes insipidus | A hyposecretion of ADH which results in dehydration from excessive urine output. Treatment; injections of ADH. |
| insulin | Produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Lowers blood sugar by making the cell membranes more permeable to glucose & triggering changes in these cells to increase their rate of metabolism. |
| glucagon | Produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Raises blood sugar by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen in the liver |
| epinephrine | (also called adrenaline)(& norepinephrine(noradrenaline) Produced by the adrenal medulla. Promotes the conversion of glycogen to glucose thereby raising blood sugar. It also increases heart rate, & cell metabolism. Involved in flight or fight response. |
| cortisol | A type of glucocorticoid released by the adrenal cortex. It converts amino acids to glucose, helps to breakdown fats to fatty acids. Decreases glucose uptake by the muscles and increases blood sugar in response to stress. Strong anti-inflammatory properties. |
| adrenal cortex | outer region of the adrenal gland that produces glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids, & sm. amt. of sex hormones. |
| adrenal medulla | core of the adrenal gland producing epinephrine & norepinephrine. |
| glucocorticoids | various hormones produced by the adrenal cortex, designed to help the body meet the demands of stress |
| mineralocorticoids | hormones of the adrenal cortex important for regulation of salt-water balance |
| diabetes mellitus | body cannot produce any or enough insulin or the body is unable to use properly the insulin it does make. 3 types; Type I, Type II and gestational |
| type I diabetes | starts in childhood where the pancreas is unable to produce insulin. Treatment; injection of insulin. |
| type II diabetes | adult onset diabetes. Insulin production decreases with age. Treatment; diet, exercise & sulfonamides. |
| gestational diabetes | temporary condition that occurs during pregnancies |
| aldosterone | A mineralocorticoid. 2 primary functions are osmoregulation (the process of regulating the amounts of water & mineral salts in the blood) & regulation of blood pressure. Secreted by the adrenal cortex. |
| cushing's syndrome | -due to hypersecretion of glucocorticoids due to either elevated levels of ACTH or a tumour on the adrenal gland. Symptoms include high bl. press., high bl. sugar. Treatment; removal of tumour |
| addison's disease | hyposecretion of glucocorticoids & mineral ocorticoids. Symptoms include low bl. press., low bl. sugar, weight loss. Treatment; injections of the hormones |
| Cortico-tropin releasing factor | (CRF) Produced by hypothalamus & stimulates the production of ACTH which is produced by the anterior pituitary gland & regulates production of cortisol & aldosterone. |
| anaphylactic shock | a severe, widespread acute hyoersensitivity that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. characterized by bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes sudden death. antihistamines are inadequate to counter this type of hypersensitivity, but epinephrine relieves the symptoms by dilating the bronchioles, increasing cardiac output, and restoring blood pressure. |
| thyroid | Butterfly shape, located above the trachea. Produces thyroxine (non-steroid hormone), which increases metabolic rate & oxygen consumption, especially in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, & kidney. |
| hyperthyroidism | excess thyroxine production (Grave's disease), caused by autoimmune disorder. Symptoms; enlarged thyroid, muscle weakness, increased metabolic rate, sweating etc.. Treatment; remove thyroid, drugs & radioactive iodine. |
| hypothyroidism | can be caused by iodine deficiency. Symptoms; reduced metabolic rate, decreased heart rate, weight gain but decreased appetite, goiter etc.. Treatment; add iodine to diet at an early age |
| calcitonin | produced by thyroid gland. Lowers calcium levels when high in the bl. by increasing the rate at which calcium is deposited in bone tissue or excreted by the kidney |
| parathyroid hormone | produced by parathyroid glands. Raises bl. calcium level when it falls below a critacal threshold level, by releasing calcium from the bone tissue & increasing the rate of reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys. Also promotes vit. D synthesis. |
| osteomalacia | Disease marked by softening of the bone in adults, caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
| rickets | A deficiency condition in children primarily caused by a lack of vitamin D; may also result from inadequate intake or excessive loss of calcium |
| inhibin | produced by seminiferous tubules and acts on the hypothalamus to slow production of the gonadotropin-releasing hormones that control the release of FSH. (negative feedback system) |
| estrogen | produced by follicles, causes endometrium to thicken & increase the blood supply to prepare for possible pregnancy. Acts to inhibit levels of FSH (-ve feedback system) & stimulates the hypothalamus to release large amts. of LH. |
| corpus luteum | stimulated by LH to produce progesterone, which inhibits the development of other follicles and maintains the uterine lining |
| progesterone | produced by corpus luteum, inhibits development of other follicles & inhibits production of LH. Works with estrogen to promote further development of the uterine lining (endometrium) in preparation for the embryo to become implanted in the uterine lining. a pregnancy hormone. |
| menopause | caused by a decrease in the # of functioning follicles as a woman ages, which in turn decrease the amt. of extrogen & progesterone in the blood. Cholesterol levels rise & bone mass declines & "hot flashes". Treatment - hormone replacement therapy. |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace
!
haha i think you should go to bed lol you've taken the huge lead, and im still not up there 
see you tmr! 