| Term | Definition |
|---|
| tissue | collection of specialized cell and cell products organized to perform a relatively limited number of functions |
| primary tissue types | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and neural tissue |
| histology | study of tissues |
| epithelial tissue | includes epithelia (which cover surfaces) and glands (which are secretory structures derived from epithelia), which provides physical protection, controls permeability, provides sensation and produces specialized secretions |
| epithelia | a sheet of tightly bound cells that cover an exposed surface or line an internal cavity or passageway |
| polarity | uneven distribution of intracellular organelles and differences in proteins and functions of exposed (apical) and attached (basal) surfaces of epithelia |
| ciliated epithelium | apical surface of an epithelium which contains cilia that beat in a coordinated fashion to move substances over the epithelial surface |
| simple epithelium | epithelium with a single layer of cells in the epithelium |
| stratified epithelium | epithelium with several layers of cells in the epithelium |
| squamous epithelium | epithelium with flat and thin surface cells (fried egg) |
| cuboidal epithelium | epithelium with cells that resemble short hexagonal boxes |
| columnar epithelium | epithelium with tall and slender hexagonal boxes |
| transitional epithelium | epithelium with a mixture of what appear to be cuboidal and squamous cells arranged to permit stretching |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | epithelium which contains columnar cells, some of which posses cilia and goblet (secreting) cells that appear stratified (but actually are not) |
| glandular epithelia | epithelia in which most or all of the cells produce secretions |
| exocrine secretions | secretions that are discharged through the ducts onto the skin or an epithelial surface that communicates with the exterior |
| endocrine secretions | known as hormones; released by gland cells into the interstitial fluid surrounding the cell |
| serous gland | exocrine gland which produces a water solution usually containing enzymes |
| mucous gland | exocrine gland which produces a viscous, sticky mucus |
| mixed gland | exocrine gland which produces both serous and mucous secretions |
| unicellular glands | individual secretory cells in epithelia that contain scattered gland cells |
| multicellular glands | glandular epithelia or aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions |
| merocrine secretion | most common method of secretion, product is released by exocytosis |
| apocrine secretion | involves the loss of cytoplasm - apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles before it is shed |
| holocrine secretion | destroys the gland cell - entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and bursts apart, secretion is released and cell dies |
| components of connective tissues | specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, ground substance |
| matrix | combination of protein fibers and ground substance |
| ground substance | The intercellular material in which the cells and fibers of connective tissue are embedded |
| connective tissue | internal tissue which establishes a structured framework, transports fluids and dissolved materials, protects delicate organs, supports surrounds and interconnects tissues, stores energy reserves, defends the body from microorganisms |
| connective tissue proper | all connective tissue that contains varied cell populations and fiber types suspended in a viscous ground substance |
| fluid connective tissues | have a distinctive population of cells suspended in a watery ground substance containing dissolved proteins (blood and lymph) |
| supporting connective tissues | consist of a dense matrix that contain closely packed fibers and a less diverse cell population than connective tissue proper (cartilage and bone) |
| fixed cells | connective tissue proper which are stationary and involved primarily with local maintenance, repair and energy storage |
| wandering cells | connective tissue proper concerned primarily with the defense and repair of damaged tissues |
| collagen fibers | long, straight, and unbranched. most common and strongest fibers in connective tissue proper |
| reticular fibers | contain the same protein subunits as collagen fibers, but the subunits interact in a different way. can resist forces applied from many different directions, thus stabilizing relative position of organ's cells, blood vessels and nerves |
| elastic fibers | can stretch up to 150% of resting length and recoil to original dimension |
| areolar tissue | loose connective tissue which contains all of the cells and fibers found in any connective tissue proper; fibers are loosely organized and can be distorted without damage |
| adipose tissue | tissue in which adipocytes are so abundant that any resemblance of areolar tissue disappears; provides padding, cushions shock, acts as insulator, serves as packing or filler around structures |
| reticular tissue | connective tissue consisting of reticular fibers, macrophages, fibroblasts and fibrocytes. provides supporting framework |
| loose connective tissue | packing material of the body - consists of areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue |
| dense connective tissue | connective tissue that consists mostly of fibers |
| dense regular connective tissue | connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers that are tightly packed and alligned parallel to applied forces - tendons, aponeuroses, elastic tissue, ligaments |
| dense irregular connective tissue | connective tissue consisting of collagen fibers that form an interwoven network and do not show any consistent pattern - dermis, perichondrium, periosteum |
| mesenchymal cells | stem cells that can differentiate into other cell types. first connective tissue to appear in the developing embryo |
| cartilage | matrix is a firm gel containing chondroitin sulfates. produced by immature cells called chondroblasts and maintained by mature cells called chondrocytes |
| perichondrium | separates cartilage from surrounding tissues |
| appositional growth | cartilage grows from external surface through the differentiation of fibroblasts into chondrocytes within the cellular layer of the perichondrium |
| interstitial growth | cartilage expands from within as chondrocytes in the matrix divide, grow and produce new matrix |
| hyaline cartilage | most common, weakest form of cartilage |
| elastic cartilage | reslient and flexible cartilage |
| fibrous cartilage | has little ground substance and may not have a perichondrium |
| bone | matrix consisting of collagen fibers and calcium salts |
| osteocytes | bone cells |
| canaliculi | cytoplasmic extensions through which osteocytes communicate with blood vessels and with one another ("little canals") |
| periosteum | covers all bone surfaces, contains fibrous and cellular layers. assists in attaching bone to surrounding tissues, tendons, and ligaments, participates in repair of bone after injury |
| membrane | forms a barrier or interface - 4 types (mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial) |
| mucous membrane | line passageways that communicate with the exterior, such as the digestive and respiratory tract. surfaces are usually moistened with mucous secretions |
| lamina propria | areolar tissue component of mucous membrane; forms a bridge that connects epithelium to underlying structures; provides support for blood vessels and nerves that supply the epithelium |
| serous membrane | line internal cavities and are delicate, moist and very permeable; forms transudate |
| transudate | fluid formed on the surface of a serous membrane |
| cutaneous membrane | also known as skin; covers the body surface and unlike other membranes it is relatively thick, waterproof and usually dry |
| synovial membrane | membrane located within the cavity of synovial joints, produces synovial fluid that fills joint cavities |
| synovial fluid | fills joint cavities; helps lubricate the joint and promotes smooth movements in joints such as the knee |
| superficial fascia | subcutaneous layer or hypodermis; separates skin from underlying tissues and organs |
| deep fascia | dense connective tissue; creates a strong, fibrous network for the body and ties structural elements together |
| subserous fascia | the layer between the deep fascia and the serous membranes that line the body cavities |
| muscle tissue | consists primarily of cells that are specialized for contraction - three types (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle) |
| skeletal muscle tissue | contains very large cylindrical muscle fibers interconnected by collagen and elastic fibers. Striated voluntary muscle |
| striated voluntary muscle | contraction of skeletal muscle fibers is controlled through the nervous system |
| satellite cells | process by which new muscle fibers can be produced |
Combine with other sets
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