| Term | Definition |
|---|
| second | SI standard unit for time |
| metre | SI standard unit for distance |
| kilogram | SI standard unit for mass |
| density | mass per unit volume |
| denser | stratification - ______ materials sink to the bottom in the presence of gravity |
| exosphere | highest [top] layer of the atmosphere |
| troposphere | atmosphere - layer containing storms |
| stratosphere | atmosphere - layer between the troposphere and mesosphere |
| lithosphere | _________ is the earth layer that is a solid, crust |
| mesosphere | _________ is the earth layer made up of solid rock |
| order of magnitude | phrase that means to the "power of ten" |
| richter | the _______ scale is a disaster scale that measures earthquakes |
| saffir-simpson | the ______-______ scale is a scale that is measures hurricanes |
| fujita | the _______ scale is a scale that measures tornadoes |
| torino | the _____ scale measures meteor strikes |
| more | _____ intense disasters occur less frequently |
| return period | the average number of years between disaster events of the same magnitude |
| time span of data record | to calculate return period, you must divide ______ by the number of cases of magnitude |
| materials | Many disasters involve the movement or transport of, or change in _____ |
| elements | ____ are the building blocks of our world |
| protons | atoms - _____ have a positive charge |
| atomic mass number | protons + neutrons = ______ |
| isotopes | _____ are different versions of an element that have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons |
| oxygen | greatest component of the earth's crust |
| nitrogen | greatest component of the atmosphere |
| molecules | atoms combine to make _____ |
| ionic bonds covalent bonds | ____ ____ and _____ _____ are what hold molecules together |
| mineral | a ______ is naturally occurring solid element or molecule having a characteristic crystal structure and chemical composition |
| cleavage | Crystals often have directions of weakness through them, allowing the crystals to split along smooth planes, these planes are called _____ planes |
| octahedral | crystals - shaped like two square pyramids stacked bottom to bottom; has 8 sides |
| solid liquid gas | the 3 phases of matter are ____ ____ and ____ |
| liquid | when gas condenses it becomes ____ |
| gas | when a solid sublimates it becomes ____ |
| compressible | If something is ______, it can be squeezed or expanded, so that the mass fills less or more space |
| viscosity | _____ is a measure of how much fluids resist flowing or changing their shape, it depends on temperature and chemical structure |
| high | magma is an example of ____ viscosity |
| strain | ____ is the change in shape or size (i.e., the deformation) of a solid object |
| elastic | strain - a rubber band, or spring is an example of ____ strain |
| plastic | strain - The ability to permanently change shape or deform when forced is ____ strain |
| ductile | Properties of materials based on their ability to strain: ____ is very plastic (bends and deforms easily). |
| brittle | Properties of materials based on their ability to strain: _____ is not plastic; fractures (breaks) instead of bending. For example: ceramic dishes |
| energy | ____ causes things to move or change |
| newton | SI unit of force |
| gravity | a force that attracts matter |
| joule | SI unit of work |
| work | force x distance measures |
| potential | The work needed to raise an object of mass m a distance z against the pull of gravity g is called ____ energy |
| kinetic | A moving object possesses _____ energy |
| sensible | The heat that we can feel (sense) in the form measurable by temperature is called ______ heat |
| specific | _____ heat depends on the material, it is a measure of the capacity of that substance to store heat |
| latent | ____ heat is stored (hidden) when matter changes phase from solid to liquid, or from liquid to vapour |
| released | Latent heat is _____ when matter changes phase from liquid to solid, or vapour to liquid |
| power | _____ is the rate of doing work, or of consuming energy. |
| time | power is work divided by ____ |
| perpendicular | Pressure P is force per unit surface area, applied _____ to the surface |
| pressure | ______ is force per unit surface area, applied perpendicular to the surface |
| stress | _____ is force per unit surface area, applied parallel to the surface. |
| parallel | Stress τ is force per unit surface area, applied ______ to the surface. |
| stress | _____ tends to strain objects, thus, if you apply a force parallel to the surface of an object, the object (if not brittle) tends to deform |
| strain | Stress tends to ____ objects, thus, if you apply a force parallel to the surface of an object, the object (if not brittle) tends to deform |
| elastic | An object is _____ if it deforms easily under stress, but springs back when the stress is removed |
| plastic | An object is _____ if it deforms easily under stress, but remains deformed after the stress is removed |
| fracture | An object that does not deform easily can _____ under stress |
| yield point | The boundary between elastic and plastic behaviour is the ____ _____ |
| gravitational, impacts from space, radioactive decay, solar | The 4 original sources for the energy that drives disasters on Earth are _____, ____ ____ ____, _____ _____, and ____ |
| mass | Nuclear reactions create energy by converting _____ into energy E |
| conserved | Energy is _____ when it changes from form to form |
| heat | Kinetic energy of an asteroid is converted into ____ when it strikes Earth |
| diffuse | concentration of energy in area - many of the energy sources are _____ (weak, but covering a wide area) |
| gradual | concentration of energy in time - energy sources are gradual (weak, but spanning a long time). |
| waves | _____ are regular oscillations that can propagate (shift) in space |
| displacement | ______ waves are waves with oscillations perpendicular to propagation direction |
| displacement | an ocean surface wave, a tsunami and a jump rope is an example of a ______ wave |
| crest | the highest point of a wave is called the _____ |
| propagation | the movement or shifting of waves is called ______ |
| compression | _____ waves are waves with oscillations parallel to the propagation direction |
| compression | sound waves and slinky toys are examples of ______ waves |
| wavelength | _______ is the distance from crest to crest of a wave train, at one instant in time |
| amplitude | The vertical distance from average sea level to the crest of a displacement wave is called the ______ |
| amplitude | ______ is a measure of how strong the wave is, and is measured in distance units (m for displacement waves) |
| sound | For _____ waves, the amplitude can be measured by the amount of pressure fluctuations caused by the waves |
| sound | in ______ waves, the wavelength determines the pitch (high note or low note), while the amplitude indicates the loudness. |
| phase | The ______ speed is how fast each wave crest or each wave trough moves |
| frequency | _______ is a measure of how many wave crests pass a stationary point during a fixed time interval |
| cycles | frequency is measured in _____ per second |
| wave period | _____ _____ is the elapsed time from the passage of one wave crest to the passage of the next wave crest, as measured from a fixed location |
| matter | For waves, it is energy that propagates, not _____ |
| group velocity | The speed of energy propagation by waves is called the _____ ______ |
| phase velocity | For some waves, the group velocity can be different from the ______ ______, (i.e. wake behind a moving boat) |
| group velocity | The speed that each group of waves moves away from the centerline of the ship path is called the _____ _____ |
| turbulence | _______ consists of random motions in a fluid, gusty, irregular (NOT like waves, which are regular oscillations) |
| statistics | ______ must be used to describe turbulence |
| exponential | Overall, the present world growth rate curve is _______ |
| doubling time | ______ ______ is the number of years for the population to double |
| linear | Recent worldwide population growth rate is now _______ |
| holding capacity | The _____ ______ of the Earth is the maximum number of humans who can survive given the continued availability of food, clean water, clean air, and energy |
| infrastructure | Transportation, communication and utilities are examples of ______ |
| human population | ______ _____ is a fragile system |
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