Turley Test #3
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Created by:
schadfriedman on December 27, 2011
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201 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Consciousness | arousal, perception (detection of binding sensory features) attention (selection of info) working memory (short term storage of ongoing events frontal cortext) |
| Rouge Test | mirror test used to show self concept or lack of self concept (15+ months) |
| Developmental Markers | 18 months: rouge test, 4-5 years: theory of mind, 10-12 years: metacognition |
| Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
| neural corelates of consciousness | frontal cortex |
| localized systems | separate awareness systems or systems in the brain |
| integration | awareness emerges when various perceptions memories actions and plans are consistent, binding of information across different regions of the brain |
| representation | awareness of a stimulus emerges only once it has reached a high level of processing |
| subconscious | psychic activity just below the level of awareness |
| repression | moving info from conscious to unconscious |
| melatonin | ..., hormone released by the pineal gland in response to daily cycles of light and dark |
| hallucinations | begin after sleep deprivation at about 3 days/cycles |
| circadian rythm | Suprachiasmatic nucleus is mostly responsible circadian rhythms,ryhtm relatively set at 24 hours by changing light and dark exposure, can be reversed with light exposure |
| sleep cycle | When a person passes consecutively through 4 stages of NREM sleep. Most people go through four or five cycles of sleep each night. On average each cycle lasts about 90 to 100 minutes. Cycles become longer as morning approaches. |
| alpha waves | 8 to 13 cycles per second, regular with small amplitude, occurs when awake with eyes open but not concentrating on anything |
| beta waves | fast 13-30 cps irregular, small amp since waves overlap/cancel eachother out, occur when concentrating or excited |
| theta waves | 4 to 7 cps, medium amp irregular, occur during drowsiness or transition to deep sleep |
| delta waves | 1-3 cps slow irregular, high amp, occur in deep sleep |
| sleep spindles | short bursts of brain waves detected in stage 2 sleep |
| REM (rapid eye movement) | A recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because muscles all relax (except for twitches) but other body systems are active. |
| preservation and protection theory | Sleep preserves energy and protects individual during a time when being awake is of relatively little value or it is dangerous to be moving about |
| restoration theory | Sleep restores a worn-out body; Sleep replenishes vital substances |
| memory consolidation | REM helps strengthen newly formed connections, helping consolidate new memories |
| sleep and insight | Sleep is beneficial for generating "insight," which are sudden gains in explicit understanding often based in creative approaches to problems |
| active synthesis hypothesis of dreaming | Dreams are the result of random activity in the brain, which the brain tries to make sense of by creating a story. |
| semantic organization of dreams | freud: condensation, displacement, representation, symbolism Jung: animus, anima, shadow |
| jung and collective subconscious | archetypical representations: animus, anima, shadow |
| freud and sex | things like boxes, cases, chests are the uterus rooms usually women, objects in dreams stand for sex |
| collectivist cultures and dreams | dreams reflect community and culture |
| napping | Brief naps may be beneficial, interfere with normal sleep patterns,full-cycle naps have been associated with some of the same memory enhancement for procedural learning as a full night of sleep |
| sleep deprivation | ... |
| sleep apnea | A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |
| somnabulism(sleep walking) | Associated with NREM (deep) sleep. Not acting out dreams: usually simple behaviors like walking or dressing. |
| insomnia | an inability to sleep |
| posthypnotic suggestion | ..., a suggestion that is made to a person who is hypnotized that specifies an action he will perform (usually in response to a cue) after he has awakened |
| subliminal messaging | Processing information below level of conscious awareness. |
| classical conditioning | a basic form of learning in which a behavior comes to be elicited by a formerly neutral stimulus, an association is learned between two stimuli |
| pavlov | russian physiologist studied digestion in dogs, observed salivation in dogs at appearance of caretaker (fed them), formed/tested ideas about classical condition |
| neutral stimulus | a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response |
| conditioned stimulus | (CS) An initially neutral stimulus (i.e., one that does not elicit a response prior to training or learning) that comes to elicit a particular response after being paired with a US that always elicits the response. In second-tier conditioning, the neutral stimulus could be a stimulus that was previously a CS in another learning pair) |
| unconditioned stimulus | (US or UCS) a stimulus that elicits a particular reflex/behavioral response without prior learning |
| conditioned response | (CR) A learned response to a stimulus (the CS) that was not originally capable of eliciting the response. |
| unconditioned response | (UR or UCR) the unlearned reflex/behavioral response elicited by unconditioned stimulus |
| processes | ... |
| acquisition | period during which CR becomes associated with CS |
| extinction | the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response |
| stimulus generalization | once a CR has been onditioned to a particular CS, similar stimuli may also elicit the response |
| stimulus discrimination | the process by which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that are distinct from the CS on some dimension |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance of an extinguished CR after a rest period |
| second-order conditioning | a former CS now a US |
| contingency | ... |
| informativeness | ... |
| psychoneuroimmunlogy | associations can cause weakened immune systems |
| counter conditioning | therapeutic technique involving the substitution of a new conditioned response for a maladaptive one |
| operant conditioning | ..., a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| BF Skinner and Behaviorism | ... |
| Edward L. Thorndike and the law od effect | behavior is more likely to recurr if reinforced |
| skinner box | ... |
| shaping | closer approximation to the desired response are reinforced until the desired response finally occurs and can be reinforced |
| reinforcers | ... |
| operant | any behavior that has some effect on the environment |
| reinforcement contingency | A consistent relationship between a behavior and the change in the environment it produces |
| discriminative stimulus | the cue the lets you know that the reinforcing contingency is present |
| positive reinforcement | when a behavior is followed by the adding of a stimulus that increases the probability of that behavior being repeated |
| negative reinforcement | when a behavior is allowed by the removal of a stimulus and therefore increases the probability of that behavior being repeated |
| positive punishment | when a behavior is followed by the adding of a stimulus that decreases the probability of that behavior being repeated |
| negative punishment | when a behavior is followed by the removal of a stimulus and therefore decreases the probability of that behavior being repeated |
| schedules | partial vs. continuous, (partial: interval vs. ratio, fixed vs. variable) |
| variable ratio | rewarded for first operant after a varying number of operants (ex between 1 and 9 seconds, but 5 on average) |
| fixed ratio | rewarded for first operant after a set number of operants (ex every 5th response) |
| variable interval | rewarded for first operant after a varying amount f time (ex. between 1 and 9 sec, 5 on ave) |
| fixed interval | rewarded for first operant after a set period of time (ex. every 5 sec) |
| token economy | reward for behavior or performance |
| learned helplessness | if system seems random, no control, punishment/neg reinforcement is inevitable--> depression withdrawwal |
| social (observational) learning | ... |
| necessary conditions for observational learning | Attention (must notice behavior, get better results if kids encouraged or rewarded for paying attention) Retention (need to remember situation to imitate it) Motivation (this is where vicarious punishments and rewards come in) Production (can't imitate something you are unable to do) Animals also show observational learning |
| vicarious learning | seeing punishment/reward for others' behavior enourages behavior (vicarious punishment or reinforcement) |
| bobo | the toy, kids who see adult beat bobo likely to beat bobo, Kids see adult rewarded for beating Bobo likely to beat on Bobo,Kids see adult punished for beating Bobo less likely to beat Bobo |
| Albert Bandura | observational learning, vicarious learning,Bobo |
| cognitive learning | form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation |
| cognitive classical conditioning | expectancy theory, predictive value |
| expectancy theory | not S-->R, automatic instead CS causes animal to expect some stimulua and then a physiological response follows that is seemingly reflexive to the stimulus |
| predictive value | effectiveness of classical conditioning dependent on predictive value of CS |
| s --> s learning | cognitive, As opposed to seeing classical conditioning as physical processes, they can be reframed as mental and representational process wherein the bell brings to mind a representation of food (bell => mental representation => salvation). |
| operant classical conditioning | ... |
| means-end relationship | a tone leads to 2 ideas: knowledge that pressing lever brings food, decision to press lever depending on interest |
| reward contrast effects | Negative contrast effect: decreased reward attractiveness, drop in response rate Positive contrast effect: increased reward attractiveness, increase in response rate |
| over-justification effect | Cannot be explained simply by association learning |
| intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| R --> S learning | ... |
| place learning | behaviorist view: learning a sequence od S-> R cognitive view (Tolman): access to mental map, manipulation and application of knowledge |
| Edward Tolman | ..., an American psychologist who proved that animals can learn broad concepts in addition to specific behaviors through experience--when barriers removed from maze rats took fastest way even though not trained |
| biological learning | ..., Any limitations on an organism's capacity to learn that are caused by the inherited sensory, response, or cognitive capabilities of members of a given species. |
| food aversion learning | classical conditioning interpretaion: sickness=withdrawal sickness+food=withdrawal cognitive interp:Effect evident even if sickness follows 24 hours later, Distinctiveness of taste/smell critical, Preference for nutritional content over long term, Observational learning for food preferences |
| innate/genetic learning | ... |
| social learning | form of learning in which the organism observes and imitates the behavior of others |
| neurobiology of memory | ... |
| antergrade amnesia | a disorder caused by brain damage that disrupts a persons ability to form new long-term memories of events that occur after the time of the brain damage |
| temporally-graded retrograde amnesia | retrograde amnesia that causes greater loss of memories for events that occurred erecently before a trauma than for events that occurred more remotely in the past |
| HM | patient who had seizures so they cut the connecting part of brain and had anterograde memory loss but higher iq |
| medial temporal lobe | area that includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent areas of the cerebral cortex; converts memory from short term to long term |
| hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage |
| parihippocampal region | ... |
| neocortex | ..., largest part of the human brain - where lang skills reside - contains Broca's & Wernicke's Area |
| memory typology | ... |
| declarative (explicit) memory | medial temporal lobe, Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed |
| episodic memory | memory of personal experiences |
| semantic memory | your memory for meanings and general (impersonal) facts |
| nondeclarative (implicit) memory | striatum, cerebellum, reflex pathways, Memories outside conscious awareness. |
| procedural memory | Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection |
| priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
| encoding | the processing of information into the memory system |
| storage | Second stage of the memory process; in it information is placed in the memory system. This stage may involve either brief or long term storage of memories |
| retrieval | the cognitive operation of accessing information in memory |
| recall | the process of remembering (especially the process of recovering information by mental effort) |
| recognition | ... |
| information loss | ... |
| dichotic listening | A task that requires a person to listen to one of two different messages being presented simultaneously, one to each ear, through headphones |
| stroop effect | delay in reaction time when color of words on a test and their meaning differ. |
| selective attention | ..., the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus |
| iconic | term that describes the memory of images |
| echoic | term that describes memory of sounds |
| short term memory | ..., activated memory that holds a few items briefly, before information is stored or forgotten |
| chunking | ..., organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
| serial position curve | ..., graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on people's ability to recall items on a list |
| primacy | ..., the state of being first in importance |
| recency | ..., Tendency to recall the last items in a series. |
| working memory | ..., a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory |
| phonological loop | speech-based part of working memory that allows for the verbal rehearsal of sounds or words |
| visuospatial sketch pad | part of working memory that holds and processes visual and spatial info |
| long term memory | ..., the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences |
| retrieval cues | ..., stimuli that aid the recall or recognition of information stored in memory |
| encoding specificity | ..., theory stating that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded and when the memory is retrieved |
| state dependent learning | ..., theory stating that when we learn something while in a specific physiological state, our recall of that information will be better when we are in the same physiological state |
| transfer appropriate processing | ..., occurs when initial processing of information is similar to the process of retrieval; the better the match, the better the recall |
| elaborative rehearsal | ..., a memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory |
| maintenance rehearsal | Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory |
| mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices |
| semantic networks | mental representations of clusters of interconnected information |
| schema | a collection of basic knowledge about a category of information; serves as a means of organization and interpretation of that information |
| proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
| retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
| automatic processes | ..., states of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities. |
| controlled processes | ..., When information processing involves conscious, alert awareness and mental effort focused on achieving a particular goal |
| serial processing | ..., carrying out one operation at a time, such as pronouncing one word at a time |
| parallel processing | ..., the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision |
| language characteristics | ... |
| phonemes | ..., smallest units of sound in the human language, like consonants or vowels |
| morphemes | ..., smallest meaningful units of speech; simple words, suffixes, prefixes; examples: red, hot, calm, -ed, pre- |
| syntax | ..., the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences |
| prosody | ..., the patterns of stress and intonation in a language |
| conversation | ... |
| audience design | ..., the process of shaping a message depending on the audience for which it is intended |
| Grice's principle of conversation | ... |
| typicality | ..., The degree to which an entity is represenative of its concept catagory |
| prototype | ..., a standard or typical example |
| superordinate concept | the most general form of a concept i.e.: fruit |
| subordinate concept | ..., the most specific category of a concept, such as one's pet dog or a pear in one's hand |
| basic concept | ..., A concept that makes important distinctions between different categories |
| functional fixedness | ..., the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |
| mental set | ..., a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| reasoning | ..., the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence |
| deductive reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) |
| syllogisms | ..., In the reasoning process, arguments made up of two propositions, called premises, and a conclusion based on these premises. |
| conditionals | ... |
| inductive reasoning | ..., A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. |
| sound | ... |
| valid | ... |
| heuristic | ..., a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
| algorithms | ..., Problem-solving procedures or formulas that guarantee a correct outcome, if correctly applied |
| availabillity heuristic | ... |
| representativeness heuristic | ..., judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
| confirmation bias | ..., a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
| IQ | ..., a measure of a person's intelligence as indicated by an intelligence test |
| characteristics/rules | ..., Behavior is required,Preferred, or prohibited in certain contexts |
| bell curve | ... |
| Wechsler scales | ..., A series of verbal and nonverbal (performance) questions used to measure intelligence. |
| stanford-binet | ..., the widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test |
| cattell | ..., divided intelligence into fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and looked at how they change throughout the lifespan |
| fluid intelligence | ..., one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
| crystallized intelligence | ..., one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
| gardner | ..., proposed a theory of multiple intelligences that divides intelligence into seven different types, all of which are equally important |
| multiple intelligence | ..., a term used to refer to Gardner's theory, which proposes that there are seven forms of intelligence |
| IQ and Nature/nurture | ... |
| disidentification | disassociating one's group from other groups. |
| heritabillity and environmentallity | ... |
| self awareness | knowledge of self through memories awareness and perception |
| basic aawareness | where am I? |
| relative capacity | abillity to retrieve infor across time |
| metacognition | awareness of how we think our sstrengths and weaknesses 10-12 years |
| maintenance theory | REM sleep critical for maintaining synapses |
| narcolepsy | inability to stay awake |
| problem solving theory | wroking through problems and solving them via dreams |
| psychoanalytic theory | dreams accessing subconcious and repressed things |
| latent content | hidden meaning |
| manifest content | obvious meaning |
| condensation | object in dream represents many things |
| displacement | one dream object's physical importance is a sign to another |
| representation | thoughts translation to visual image |
| symbolism | replaces action person idea |
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