| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Age of Anxiety | time between 1918 and 1950 when the meaning of life was being questioned around the world, a time of uneasiness due to wars and economic hardships |
| Nietzsche | German philosoper, questioned existence of God. Started existentialism. his idea of the superman was twisted and adopted by Hitler. his ideas of the meaninglessness of life was widespread. "God is dead" philosophy |
| The God is dead philosophy | result of Nietzche's teachings stated that God died b/c we killed him b/c we are hipocrites. our only hope was to recognize our meaninglessness and find our own meaning |
| Logical Empiricism | Promoted by Wittengenstein, stated that God, freedom & morality were senseless, there are only personal preferences, nothing can be known for certain |
| Existentialism | European philosophy- a search for moral values or a reason for existence, man must find his own meaning |
| Jean-Paul Sarte | French existentialism "We are condemned to be free" |
| Martin Heidegger | 1920's existentialist along w/ Karl Jaspers. found an audince in post WWI youth |
| Alber Camus | offered profound moral answers to issues |
| Henri Bergeon | French philospher and theologian- stated that spirituality is often more accessible to the masses than science |
| George Sorel | thought that rationalism had limits. thought that Marx was interesting but that Marxism was irrational religious thought believed that socialism would overthrough capitalist thought |
| Logical Empiricism or Postivism | nothing should be believed unliss it can be scientifically proven |
| Christian existentialism | a type of cynical Christianity, shared loneliness & despair w/ existentialism but maintained orthodox views of fall and redemption |
| Soren Kierdegaard | Christian existentialist who rejected formalistic religion |
| Karl Barth | Swiss Protestant Theologian an existentialist |
| Gabrial Marcel and Jacques Maritain | catholic theologians who denounced anti-jewish feelings and who promoted closer cooperation w/ non catholics |
| The New physics | new approach to science, especially the atom (no longer solid mass, but loose bonding of smaller particles) discovered that there was no longer a clear distnction between matter and energy. tended to undermine Newtonian physics. found the only constant was the speed of light |
| Marcel Proust | French novelist who emphazied Freudian ideas of irrationality of the human mind |
| Post impressionism, Dadaism, Surrealism, and expressionism | modern movements in art which emphasizethe abstract nature of life |
| Paul Cenzanne and Vincent Van Gogh | leading expressionist painters |
| Cubism | artistic movement founded by Picasso which tended to put life in geometric shapes |
| Treaty of Versailles | Unseccessful peace treaty between france and Germany after WWI |
| John Maynard Keynes | Enlish economist who denounced the treaty of versailles as being too harsh and economically unsound |
| The little Entente | Alliance amoung France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Yugoslavia against Hungary b/c of WWI |
| Weimar Republic | Short-lived German government after WWI |
| The Ruhr | Heartland of German industry occupied by France after WWI. France's actions stirred German nationalism and hatred for France |
| Gustav Stressman | in 1923, he headed the German government |
| Charles Dawes | american banker who presented a re-examination of the harsh reparations of Germany. said the U.S. would loan Germany, Germany would repay France and the U.K. and they would pay the U.S. for war debts |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | Franco- American pact condemned and renounced war. internationally impractical |
| Mein Kampf | Hitler's theories and practices to take control of German government. wrote it while in prison for his "beer hall putsch" |
| Poincare | France's hardline leader who pushed for reparations against Germany |
| The Great Depression | 1929-1939 Depression, led by the U.S. and followed around the world, caused world wide unemployment |
| Buying on Margin | practice of borrowing money against one's stock holdings, led to ppl losing their life savings and to bank failures |
| The New Deal | FDR's policy to get America out of the Depression |
| FDR's brain trust | FDR's top economic advisors |
| NRA | nation Recovery Administration. it organized government, business, and labor itno control of industry, later declared unconstitutional |
| WPA | work's progress administration-part of FDR's New Deal |
| Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Ataturk) | Of Ottoman empire, founded turkey, made it a secular state and Turkey was named after him |
| Baltic States | Latvia, Lithuania, & Estonia |
| Ulster | Nothern Ireland, part of Great Britain |
| Fascism | anti republic, anti communistic, anti socialistic (eventhough nazism means socialism), far right-wing, for a police state, extremely nationalistic |
| El Duce | nickname for mussolini |
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jk... i'm totally not ready which is why i'm studying!