Praxis II (0041/0049) Major authors and works

Terms	Definitions
Katherine Patterson	wrote A Bridge to Terabithia
Christopher Paul Curtis	wrote Bud Not Buddy, The Watsons Go to Birmingham
Lois Lowry	wrote The Giver, Number the Stars
Louis Sacher	wrote Holes
Ester Forbes	wrote Johnny Tremain
Mildred Taylor	wrote Roll of Thunder, Hear my Cry
Patricia Maclachlan	wrote Sarah Plain and Tall
Phyllis Reynolds Taylor	wrote Shiloh
William Armstrong	wrote Sounder
Elizabeth George Speare	wrote Witch of Blackbird Pond
Madeline L'Engle	wrote A Wrinkle in Time, A Swiftly Tilting Planet, A Wind in the Door, The Small Rain, 24 Days before Christmas
Ruth Avi	wrote The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle
Gary Paulson	wrote Hatchet
Mark Twain	wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Paul Zindel	wrote The Pigman
Carl Hiaason	wrote Hoot
Avi	wrote Crispin, Nothing But The Truth
Caroline Cooney	wrote The Voice on the Radio
Robert Cormier	wrote The Chocolate War
Sandra Cisneros	wrote The House on Mango Street
Walter Dean Myers	wrote The Glory Field
Elie Wiesel	wrote Night
Edith Wharton	wrote Ethan Frome
Alice Walker	wrote The Color Purple; American author, self-declared feminist and womanist; won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
S.E. Hinton	wrote The Outsiders
Mildred Taylor	wrote Roll of Thunder
George Orwell	wrote 1984, Animal Farm; dark satire on Stalinist totalitarianism
1984	book written by George Orwell, announced an insane world of dehumanization through terror in which the individual was systematically obliterated by an all-power elite; key phrases: Big Brother, doublethink, Newspeak, the Ministry of Peace...Truth...Love
Marjorie Kinnan Rawling	wrote The Yearling
Scott O'Dell	wrote Island of Blue Dolphins
Jean Craighead George	wrote Julie of the Wolves
Jack London	wrote The Call of the Wild, Sea-Wolf, White Fang
JRR Tolkein	wrote The Hobbit
Richard Adams	wrote Watership Down
CS Lewis	wrote The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe
Emily Bronte	wrote Wuthering Heights
Charlotte Bronte	wrote Jane Eyre
Virgil	wrote The Aeneid
The Aeneid	A Trojan (Aeneas) destined to found Rome, undergoes many trials on land and sea during his journey to Italy, finally defeating the Latin Turnus and avenging the murder of Pallas.
Lewis Carroll	wrote Alice In Wonderland
Alice In Wonderland	a girl (Alice) falls asleep and dreams of a series of adventures; children's novel; fantasy
Animal Farm	a group of animals mount a successful rebellion against the farmer who rules them, but their dreams of equality for all are ruined when one pig seizes power; novella, dystopian animal fable
Anna Karenina	after having an affair with a handsome military man, a woman kills herself; russion, 1970s, psychological novel
Leo Tolstoy	wrote Anna Karenina, War and Peace; Russian writer, realistic fiction
The Pigman	told in chapters alternating from Lorraine's and John's point of view, opens with an "Oath," signed by both John and Lorraine, two high school sophomores, in which they swear to tell only the facts, in this "memorial epic" about their experiences with Angelo Pignati
William Shakespeare	wrote Sonnet 18, Hamlet, and Macbeth; greatest playwright who ever lived, prolific poet, known for sonnets
Sonnet 18	"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate;" Shakespearean couplet with ABAB CDCE EFEF GG rhyme scheme
Johann David Wyss	wrote The Swiss Family Robinson
Kate Chopin	wrote The Awakening, The Storm; feminist author of the 20th century; born in St. Louis, Missouri
Sylvia Plath	wrote The Bell Jar; born during the great depression
The Bell Jar	a young woman (Esther Greenwood) whose talent and intelligence have brought her close to achieving her dreams must overcome suicidal tendencies
Toni Morrison	wrote Beloved, The Bluest Eye, and Song of Soloman; female, African-American writer, won Pulitzer Prize in 1988
Beloved	an ex-slave is haunted by the memory of the daughter she killed; historical fiction, ghost story; characters include: Baby Suggs, Denver, Sethe
Beowulf	a great warrior, goes to Denmark on a successful mission to kill Grendel; he returns home to Geatland, where he becomes king and slays a dragon before dying; poem; alliterative verse, elegy, small scale heroic epic; author unknown; setting around 500 AD
Herman Melville	wrote Billy Budd, Sailor; Moby Dick; classified as a Dark Romantic; American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet
The Call of the Wild	a pampered dog (Buck) adjusts to the harsh realities of life in the North as he struggles with his recovered wild instincts and finds a master (John Thorton) who treats him right; novel, adventure story, setting late 1890s
Geoffrey Chaucer	wrote The Canterbury Tales
Fyodor Dostoevsky	wrote Crime and Punishment; Russian writer, essayist, philosopher
Crime and Punishment	in an attempt to prove a theory, a student (Raskolnikov) murders two women, after which he suffers greatly from guilt and worry; psychological drama, setting in the 1860s
Charles Dickens	wrote David Copperfield, Great Expectations; English novelist during Victorian era
David Copperfield	after surviving a poverty-stricken childhood, the death of his mother, a cruel stepfather, and an unfortunate first marriage, a boys finds success as a writer; themes: plight of the weak, importance of equality in marriage, dangers of wealth and class
The Giver	it is set in a future society which is at first presented as a utopian society and gradually appears more and more dystopian; therefore, it could be considered anti-utopian; the novel follows a boy named Jonas through the twelfth year of his life; book allegedly glorified Communism
Anne Frank	wrote The Diary of a Young Girl (autobiographical literature set between 1942-1944) 1st published in 1952, chronicles her life in Nazi Germany
Christopher Marlowe	wrote Doctor Faustus
Helen Keller	wrote The Story of My Life and The Frost King; American author, political activist, lecturer; first deafblind person to earn BA
Harper Lee	wrote To Kill a Mockingbird; American author
To Kill a Mockingbird	Southern gothic novel; bildungsroman; narrator: Scout; serious issues dealing with rape and inequality
John Keats	wrote "On First Looking Into Chapman's Homer," "To Autumn," and "Bright Star, Would I Were Stedfast As Thou Art;" English poet in Romantic movement during early 19th century; motifs include departures and reveries, the five sense and art, and the disappearance of the poet and the speaker; symbols include music and musicians, nature, and the ancient world
Louisa May Alcott	wrote Little Women; American novelist
Little Women	four March sisters (Amy, Jo, Beth, Meg) in 19th century New England struggle with poverty, juggle their duties, and their desire to find love
Zora Neale Hurston	wrote Their Eyes Were Watching God; 20th century African-American writer; folklorist during the Harlem Renaissance
Their Eyes Were Watching God	after two marriages to oppressive men, a woman (Janie Crawford) finds temporary happiness with a husband twelve years her junior; themes: the illusion of power, non-necessity of relationships, folkloric quality of religion
SE Hinton	wrote The Outsiders
The Outsiders	a group of poor kids (greasers) hold their own against a group of rich kids (socials aka socs), losing two of their own in the process; protagonist: Ponyboy Curtis; bildungsroman; setting 1960s
Moby Dick	a monomaniacal captain tries and fails to kill a monstrous white whale; adventure story, quest tale, allegory; protagonist: Ishmael, Ahab; antogonist: Ahab, great white sperm whale
JD Salinger	wrote The Catcher in the Rye
The Catcher in the Rye	bildungsroman; after being expelled from a prep school, a 16-year-old boy (Holden Caulfield) goes to NYC, where he reflects on the phoniness of adults and heads towards a nervous breakdown
Mary Shelley	wrote Frankenstein; Romantic British novelist, short story writer, dramatist, essayist, biographer, travel writer
Frankenstein	Gothic novel; a scientist creates a monster, and then abandons it in horror, a decision that leads to disaster and the deaths of nearly everyone he loves
Maya Angelou	wrote I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings; African-American autobiographer and poet
Ray Bradbury	wrote Fahrenheit 451, Dandelion Wine
Stephen Crane	wrote Red Badge of Courage; American novelist, short story writer, poet, journalist, raised in NY and NJ; style and technique: naturalism, realism, impressionism; themes: ideals v. realities, spiritual crisis, fears
Daniel Defoe	wrote Robinson Crusoe; known as the father of the English novel
Emily Dickinson	wrote "Wild Nights--Wild Nights!;" "I Heard A Fly Buzz When I Died," and "Because I Could Not Stop For Death--;" 19th century poet; major themes: flowers/gardens, the master poems, morbidity, gospel poems, the undiscovered continent; irregular capitalization, use of dashes & enjambment, took liberty with meter
Frederick Douglass	wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, editor of 'The North Star,' abolitionist, was self-educated slave
Ralph Waldo Emerson	wrote "Self-Reliance;" Transcendentalist poet, essayist, speaker
F. Scott Fitzgerald	wrote The Great Gatsby
Robert Frost	wrote "The Road Not Taken;" American poet; highly regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquial speech; won Pulitzer Prizes for Poetry four times
Edgar Allan Poe	wrote The Fall of the House of Usher, The Murders in the Rue Morgue, and The Raven; wrote poems: "To Science," "The City and the Sea," and "Silence;" American writer, poet, editor and literary critic; part of American Romantic Movement
Percy Bysshe Shelley	wrote "Prometheus Unbound," "Ode to the West Wind," and "To A Skylark"
Amy Tan	wrote The Joy Luck Club (widely hailed for its depiction of the Chinese-American experience of the late 20th century)
HG Wells	wrote The Invisible Man, The War of the Worlds, The Time Machine
Walt Whitman	wrote Leaves of Grass; celebrated the freedom and dignity of the individual and sang the praises of democracy
Farenheit 451	in a futuristic America, a firefighter (Guy Montag) decides to buck society, stop burning books, and start seeking knowledge; themes: censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance, religion as a knowledge giver
The Great Gatsby	a self-made man (Gatsby) woos and loses a married aristocratic woman (Daisy) he loves
The Joy Luck Club	a group of Chinese mothers and their American-born daughters struggle to communicate and understand each other; four families dipicted Woo, Jong, Hsu, and St. Clair
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings	a black girl growing up in the South struggles against racism, sexism, and lack of power
"Self-Reliance"	NOT anti-society or anti-community; presupposes that the mind is initially the subject to an unhappy conformity; calls on individuals to value their own thoughts, opinions, experiences above those presented to them by other individuals, society, and religion; "There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction," "society everywhere is in conspiracy against the mankind," and "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what people think."
Nathaniel Hawthorne	wrote "The Birth-Mark," The Scarlet Letter; works are considered part of the Romantic movement (specifically dark romancism)
Henry David Thoreau	wrote "Civil Disobedience;" American author, poet, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, philosopher, and leading transcendentalist
"Civil Disobedience"	an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state
The Red Badge of Courage	a naive young man (Henry Fleming) matures as a result of fighting in the Civil War
William Butler Yeats	wrote "A Fisherman," "The Second Coming," and "Easter 1916;" Irish poet and dramatist; foremost figures of 20th century literature; British WWI poet
Aphra Behn	wrote "History of a Nun;" prolific dramatist of the Restoration (18th century), one of the first English female writers
Elizabeth Barrett Browning	wrote "Aurora Leigh," poet of the Victorian era
Aurora Leigh	epic/novel poem written in blank verse and encompasses nine books (the woman's number, the number of the prophetic books of Sibyl)
TS Eliot	wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock," "The Waste Land" and "The Hollow Men;" British WWI poet, playwright, and literary critic
Virginia Woolf	wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century
Jane Eyre	an impoverished young woman (Jane) struggles to maintain her autonomy in the face of oppression, prejudice, and love; Gothic novel, bildungsroman, social portest novel
Oscar Wilde	wrote The Picture of Dorian Gray; Irish playwright, poet, and author of numerous short stories and one novel
The Picture of Dorian Gray	the portrait of a sinful young man ages while the young man depicted in the portrait remains youthful; English Gothic novel
Anne Bradstreet	wrote "In Reference to her Children;" English-American writer, first notable American poet; first woman to be published in Colonial America
"In Reference to her Children"	maintains the bird metaphor throughout the poem's ninety-six lines, describing the various "flights" of five of her children and her concerns about those remaining in the nest
Langston Hughes	wrote The Weary Blues, The Ways of White Folks, and Not Without Laughter; American poet, novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist; early innovator for literary art known as jazz poetry; best known for work during Harlem Renaissance
Not Without Laughter	the protagonist of the story is a boy named Sandy whose family must deal with a variety of struggles imposed upon them due to their race and class in society in addition to relating to one another
Countee Cullen	wrote "Any Human to Another," "Color," and "The Ballad of the Brown Girl;" American Romantic poet; leading African-American poets of his time; associated with generation of poets of the Harlem Renaissance
Lord Byron	wrote "She Walks in Beauty" and "When We Two Parted;" British poet and leading figure in Romanticism
William Wordsworth	wrote "We Are Seven," "The Prelude," and "The World is Too Much With Us;" English Romantic poet; joint publication of 'Lyrical Ballads' with Samuel Taylor Coleridge; motifs: wanders vs wandering, memory, vision/sight, light, leech gatherer; believed that childhood was a "magical" and magnificent time of innocence; devotion to nature; use of everyday speech and country characters
Macbeth	inspired by witch's prophecy, a man murders his way to the throne of Scotland, but his conscience plagues him and his fellow lords rise up against him; themes: unchecked ambition as a corrupting force, relationship between cruelty and masculinity, kingship v. tyranny
Willa Cather	wrote My Antonia; prolific during the 1920s, reputation as one of the most important post-Civil War American authors
Ernest Hemingway	wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Old Man and the Sea, and The Sun Also Rises; American writer and journalist; veteran of WWI, belongs to literary movement called 'The Lost Generation'
James Joyce	wrote Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: 20th century Irish author
Robinson Crusoe	a man is shipwrecked on an island, where he lives for more than 20 years, fending off cannibals and creating a pleasant life for himself
William Golding	wrote Lord of the Flies, To the Ends of the Earth; British novelist, poet
Lord of the Flies	a group of English boys (Jack, Piggy, Ralph, Roger, Sam, Eric, and Simon), marooned on an island, rapidly turn lawless and bloodthirsty
Watership Down	heroic fantasy novel about a small group of British rabbits; Fiver, a young runt rabbit who is a seer, receives a frightening vision of his warren's imminent destruction
Washington Irving	wrote "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle;" American author, essayist, biographer, historian
Holes	set in modern times and focuses on the current circumstances of Stanley Yelnats, an unfortunate, unlucky young man who is sent to Camp Green Lake for a crime he didn't commit
Karen Hesse	wrote Out of the Dust
Kate Dicamillo	wrote Because of Winn-Dixie
Sharon Creech	wrote Walk Two Moons
Jerry Spinelli	wrote Maniac Magee
Ben Mikaelson	wrote Touching Spirit Bear
EB White	wrote Charlotte's Web
Wendy Towle	wrote The Real McCoy: The Life of an American Inventor
Nancy Farmer	wrote The Eye, the Ear, and the Arm
Mary Downing Hahn	wrote Time for Andrew: A Ghost Story
Jane Austen	wrote Emma; Pride and Prejudice; Persuasion; Mansfield Park, et al.

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Praxis II (0041/0049) Major authors and works

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