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arthrokinematic dysfunction the biomechanics dysfunction in two articular partners that lead to abnormal joint movement (arthrokinematics) and proprioception endomysium the innermost fascial layer that encases individual muscle fibers perimysium the sheath that binds groups of muscle fibers into fasciculi epimysium the outermost layer of a muscle fiber cumulative injury cycle a process by whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesions, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances. muscle spindles the major sensory organs of the muscle that are sensitive to change in length and rate of length change gto mechanoreceptors located within the musculotendinous junction that are sensitive to tension and rate of tension change joint mech mechanoreceptors located in joints throughout the fibrous capsule and ligaments that respond to joint position, movement, and pressure changes. atrophy the loss in muscle fiber size sarcopenia a decrease in muscle fiber numbers elasticity the springlike behavior of connective tissue that enables the tissue to return to its original shape or size when forces are removed Davis's Law soft tissue models along the lines of stress Wolff's Law bone in a healthy person or animal will adapt to the loads it is placed under. flexibility the normal extensibility of all soft tissues that allows full range of motion of a joint and optimum neuromuscular efficiency throughout all functional movements all or none principle when a muscle fiber is stilted to contract, the entire fiber contracts completely. myotatic stretch reflex when a muscle is stretched very quickly, (the muscle spindle contracts, which in turn stimulates the primary afferent fibers that causes the extrafusal fibers to fire, and tension increases in the muscle) corrective flex stretching techniques designed to correct common postural dysfunctions, muscle imbalances, and joint dysfunctions active flex stretching techniques designed to improve soft tissue extensibility in all planes of motion by employing the neurophysiological principle of reciprocal inhibition functional flex stretching techniques designed to improve multi planar soft tissue extensibility and prove optimum neuromuscular control throughout that full range of motion, while performing functional movements that utilize the body's muscles to control the speed, direction, and intensity of the stretch rate coding the rate at which any individual nerve fiber transmits impulses per unit of time recruitment an impulse transmitted sim. over an increasing number of nerve fibers, pulling in increasingly more muscle fibers for the task elasticity the spring- lie behavior of connective tissue that enables the tissue to return to its original shape or size when forces are removed viscoelasticity the fluid- like property of connective tissue that allows slow deformation with an imperfect recovery after the deforming forces are removed plasticity the residual or permanent change in connective tissue length due to tissue elongation ari the concept of muscle inhibition, caused by a tight agonist, which inhibits its functional antagonist. ex- when a tight psoas decreases the neural drive to the gluteus maximums