5 Written Questions

1. The contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time; a form of negative punishment (also called time-out).
2. A behavior therapy treatment for anxieties, fears, and phobias that involves substituting one response, generally muscle relations, for the unwanted behavior—the fear and anxiety. The client practices relaxing while imagining anxiety-producing situations in a sequence from the least fearful to the most fearful.
3. A procedure in which stimuli with known reinforcing properties are presented on fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedules completely independent of behavior; often used as an antecedent intervention to reduce problem behavior.
4. A procedure for transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. shape, size, position, color) controlling a behavior are gradually changed to a new stimulus while maintaining the current behavior; stimulus features can be faded in (enhanced) or faded out (reduced).
5. A form of overcorrection in which, contingent on an occurrence of the target behavior, the learner is required to repeat a correct form of the behavior, or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, a specified number of times; entails an educative component.

5 Matching Questions

1. level system
2. self-monitoring
3. adjunctive behavior
4. discriminated avoidance
5. variable ratio

1. a A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. The number of responses required varies around a random number: the mean number of responses required for reinforcement is used to describe the schedule (e.g. on a Variable Ratio (VR) 10 schedule an average of 10 responses must be emitted for reinforcement but the number of responses requires following the last reinforced response might range from 1 to 30 or more.
2. b A contingency in which responding in the presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
3. c Behavior that occurs as a collateral effect of a schedule of periodic reinforcement for other behavior; time-filling or interim activities (e.g. doodling, idle talking, smoking, drinking) that are induced by schedules of reinforcement during times when reinforcement is unlikely to be delivered. Also called schedule-induced behavior.
4. d A procedure whereby a person systematically observes his behavior and records the occurrence or nonoccurrence of a target behavior.
5. e A component of some token economy systems in which participants advance up (or down) through a succession of levels contingent on their behavior at the current level. The performance criteria and sophistication or difficulty of the behaviors required at each level are higher than those of preceding levels, they gain access to more desirable reinforcers, increased privileges, and greater independence.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Self-generated verbal responses, covert or overt, that function as rules or response prompts for a desired behavior; as a self-management tactic, self-instruction can guide a person through a behavior chain or sequence of tasks.
   1. self-instruction
   2. clicker training
   3. fixed ratio
   4. behavior chain
2. A teaching procedure in which a trainer completes all but the last behavior in a chain, which is performed by the learner, who then receives reinforcement for completing the chain. When the learner shows competence in performing the final step in the chain, the trainer performs all but the last two behaviors in the chain, the learner emits the final two steps to complete the chain, and reinforcement is delivered. This sequence is continued until the learner completes the entire chain independently.
   1. backward chaining
   2. clicker training
   3. schedule thinning
   4. forward chaining
3. A schedule of reinforcement that provides reinforcement for the first correct response following the elapse of variable durations of time occurring in a random or unpredictable order. The mean duration of the intervals is used to describe the schedule (e.g. on a Variable Interval (VI) 10 -minute schedule, reinforcement is delivered for the first response following an average of 10 minutes since the last reinforced response, but the time that elapses following the last reinforced response might range from 30 seconds or less to 25 minutes or more).
   1. variable interval
   2. habit reversal
   3. fixed interval
   4. variable-time schedule
4. A contingency in which reinforcement for all members of a group is dependent on each member of the group meeting a performance criterion that is in effect for all members of the group.
   1. antecedent intervention
   2. avoidance contingency
   3. group contingency
   4. interdependent group contingency
5. A procedure for implementing differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL) in which reinforcement is delivered at the end of the session if the total number of responses emitted during the session does not exceed a criterion limit.
   1. interval differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior
   2. fixed-interval differential reinforcement of other behavior
   3. full-session differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior
   4. spaced-responding differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior

5 True/False Questions

1. shaping → Using differential reinforcement to produce a series of gradually changing response classes; each response class is a successive approximation toward a terminal behavior. Members of an existing response class are selected for differential reinforcement because they more closely resemble the terminal behavior.

   True        False

2. escape contingency → A contingency in which a response terminates (produces escape from) an ongoing stimulus.

   True        False

3. variable-interval differential reinforcement of other behavior → A differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure in which reinforcement is available at specific moments of time, which are separated by variable amounts of time in random sequence and delivered if the problem is not occurring at those times.

   True        False

4. token → A procedure for transferring stimulus control in which features of an antecedent stimulus (e.g. shape, size, position, color) controlling a behavior are gradually changed to a new stimulus while maintaining the current behavior; stimulus features can be faded in (enhanced) or faded out (reduced).

   True        False

5. response cost → The contingent loss of reinforcers (e.g. a fine), producing a decrease of the frequency of behavior; a form of negative punishment.

   True        False