Chapter Ten
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Created by:
PCarstedt on April 23, 2009
Subjects:
thinking, language, psychology
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Cognition | The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing remembering, and communicating |
| Concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people |
| Prototype | A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method of including items in a category |
| Algorithm | A methodical. logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem |
| Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently |
| Insight | A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| Confirmation Bias | The tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |
| Fixation | The inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
| Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
| Functional Fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving |
| Representativeness Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes. This may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
| Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. If events come immediately to mind, we think they are common. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct |
| Framing | The way an issue is presented |
| Belief Bias | The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seeming invalid |
| Belief Perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| Language | Our spoken written or signed words and ways we combine them to communicate learning |
| Phoneme | In language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
| Morpheme | In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning, may be a word, prefix, suffix, etc |
| Grammar | In a language, a system of rules that enable us to communicate with and understand others |
| Semantics | The set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words and sentences given |
| Syntax | The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |
| Babbling Stage | Beginning at about four months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
| One-Word Stage | The stage in speech development from about age 1 to 2 during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements |
| Telegraphic Speech | Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram using mostly nouns and verbs |
| Linguistic Determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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