| Term | Definition |
| kinswoman | a female relation |
| diverse | various |
| to impress | to stamp |
| warrant | a written order giving legal authority |
| arms | heraldic coat of arms |
| petition | request |
| simony | the buying and selling of church positions |
| nepotism | giving jobs to undeserving relatives |
| to scandalize | to offend by doing something thought to be wrong |
| indulgence | a cancellation of punishment for sins |
| purgatory | the place in which a person's soul was thought to suffer until all sins were punished |
| mortal sin | the worst kind of sin |
| remission | cancellation |
| dogma | official teachings |
| salvation | rescue from the consequences of sin |
| corrupt | dishonest, depraved |
| pontifex Maximus | head of the college of priests in Rome |
| invincible | unconquereable |
| diligent | putting careful effort |
| heathen | without religion |
| predestination | a belief that the fate of every person's soul was decided by God long ago |
| bull | an official order from the pope with his lead seal, called a 'bulla', attached |
| vernacular | the language spoken by people in their homes |
| theocracy | a system of government in which God's laws are considered the laws of the state |
| dissoluteness | wickedness |
| freethinker | a person who forms |