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Middle Colonies group of colonies that had different religious and ethnic groups which created conflicts. These new colonists and settlers had a hard time settling together. False True or False- In Puritan society there was gender equality and women were considered to be the equal of men Freeholders landowning farm families 1/3 fraction of husband's property given to his wife if he died. She would only use this amount of land until she died. Then this land would be given to the children. She had no right to sell it. Household mode of production When families exchanged labor and goods with one another. This solution helped solve the problem of inadequate land and inheritance, and also perserved the freehold ideal. Middle Colonies nickname for NJ, NY, and PA False True or False-At first many people wanted to settle in Hudson River Valley despite the presence of numerous landlords that dominated the vast majority of the land. Germans this type of settler soon dominated huge parts of PA Quakers group of people that settled in PA that believed in pacfisim toward the Natives Governor Thomas Penn the governor of PA that used dubious tactics to trick the Natives out of a large piece of land. The animosity created by this would later lead to war. False True or False- the Quakers approved slavery and most of them owned slaves themselves. Scots-Irish the group of settlers that challenged the Quakers because they believed they should use military force to expel all the Native Americans from the area Pietism evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God True True or False: The Pietism movement attracted more adherents than the Enlightenment because it mainly appealed to farmers and urban laborers Copernicus the scientist during the Scientific Revolution that suggested that the Earth revolved around the Sun (not the other way around) Sir Issac Newton the mathematician and physicist that discussed laws of motion and gravity Two Treatises on Government the book/pamphlet that John Locke wrote in 1690. In it, he rejects the idea of divine rule and believes that all citizens are granted "natural rights" at birth Essay Concerning Human Understanding Written by John Locke also in 1690. Focused on the impact of environment and experience on human behavior; characters of individuals was not fixed and could be changed by education Deist believed God created the world but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature; relied on people's "natural reason" (inane moral sense) to define right and wrong Solomon Stoddard his ideas were rejected by Johnathan Edwards. He believed that God was compassionate and there was no such thing as predestination. Sainthood was not limited to a select few. George Whitefield A mixture of and Old Light and New Light. He traveled to all the colonies and delievered hundreds of sermons. He spoke very dramatically. John Wesley founder of the English Methodist church Old Lights conservative ministers that stuck with the old ideas True True or False- The Old Lights protested against the Great Awakening because they believed it was a way to let women speak in public. False True or False- The Great Awakening strengthened the legally established church. False True or False-the British believed that a union between the colonies would be beneficial because they would be stronger that way. Braddock's Blunder the huge mistake that General Braddock made that would result in his death and the failure to capture Fort Duquense from the French General John Wolfe the general that led the British to capture Quebec Fort Pitt the new name for Fort Duquense after the British captured it from the French Wyoming Valley where fighting broke out between settlers from CT and settlers from PA in a land dispute Paxton Boys group in PA that attacked the peaceful Constaga tribe because they believed all Indians should be expelled from the area using military force Revenue Act of 1762 tightened up collection of trade duties which the colonial merchants had previously evaded by bribing customs officials 60 __% of England's national budget was used to pay debts George Grenville became Prime Minister in 1763 and set out to reform the imperial system Stamp Act Congress When delegates from 9 colonial assemblies met in New York city to protest and created the Stamp Act Resolves Olmecs Considered to be the "flowering civilization" of Mesoamerica (one of the first Americans) Mayans group of early Native Americans that were known for their large urban centers with elaborate systems of irrigation. They also made a very accurate calendar Aztecs group of early Native Americans that were known for being aggressive and subjugated most of Mexico. They forged extensive trading routes and had very strong military power and great wealth Drought led to the decline of the Pueblo people Crusades "Holy Wars"- when Christian armies attempted to halt the spread of Islam in the Holy Land Prince Henry very famous maritime explorer from Portugal who became a cartographer Cortes Spanish conquistador that conquered the Aztecs Disease a natural advantage that the Europeans had given themselves unknowingly. It was the biggest killer of the native populations True True or False: The Catholic Church was very corrupt Martin Luther Author of the 95 Theses. Ninety-five Theses Document written by Luther that believed salvation could only be obtained by faith (not good works/indulgences) and that believers should look to the Bible, not clergy members for authority Peace of Augsburg divided Germany into a Lutheran north and a Catholic south John Calvin French theologian that first began preaching the idea of "predestination" King Henry VIII English monarch that broke with the Catholic Church because the Pope would not annul his marriage Nobility social class that the Price Revolution first affected because even though prices rose sharply, rents did not clan a group of related families that share a real or legendary common ancestor pueblos multistory stone or mud-brick buildings that were used as residences by native people in the southwestern United States matrilineal describes a system of family organization in which social identity and property descend through the female line False True or False: most Native American societies were patrilineal yeomen farmer who owned enough land to support his family in reasonable comfort dower legal right that provided widow with the use of 1/3 of the family land and goods during the remainder of her lifetime republic state without a monarchy that is ruled by a representative system of government. civic humanism belief that individuals owe a service to their community and its government. During the Renaissance, political theorists argued that selfless service was of critical importance in a Republic guild an organization of skilled workers in medieval and early modern Europe that regulated the entry into and practice of a trade. Reconquista The campaign by Spanish Catholics to drive North African Moors (Muslim Arabs) from the European mainland. They were finally able to defeat the Moors at Granada in 1492 and secured control of all of Spain Encomiendas land grants in America given by the Spanish kings to privileged landholders in the 16th century. They also gave the landholders legal control over the Native people who lived near or on their estates indulgence a certificate granted by the Catholic Church that claimed to pardon a sinner from punishment in the afterlife. predestination the idea that God chooses certain people for salvation even before they are born. (It became a primary belief in the Puritan theology) Price Revolution the impact of a high rate of inflation in Europe in the mid-1500s. American gold and silver, brought to Europe by Spain, doubled the money supply at a time when the population changes-reducing the political power of the aristocracy and leaving many peasant families on the brink of poverty. This set the stage for a substantial migration to America Enclosure Acts Laws passed in the 16th century England that allowed land owners to fence in the open fields that surrounded many villages and use them for grazing sheep. This enclosure of the fields left peasants in those villages without land to cultivate, forcing them to work as wage laborers or as wool spinners and weavers Indenture a 17th century labor contract that required service for a period of time in return for a passage to North America. Indentures were typically for a term of 4 or 5 years Charles II English monarch that established a string of new settlements known as the "restoration colonies" Society of Friends a religious sect that condemned war and extravagance Quakers religious group that wanted to restore Christianity to its early simplicity and spirituality. They rejected the idea of predestination and also believed in peace Mercantilism Colonies had the job to produce agricultural goods and raw materials and Europe would produce manufactured good and finished products James II (English monarch) His ascension to the throne prompted more imperial regulations. He was a aggressive and inflexible ruler. Jacob Leisler Led rebellion against the Dominion of New England in New York. He was a German soldier. Covenant Chain series of military alliances with the English government in New York made by the Iroquois Treaty of Utrecht (1713): Treaty signed after the War of Spanish Secession in which England gained Newfoundland, Acadia, and the Hudson Bay from the French True True or False: One of the many reasons for the English Royal Navy becoming the best in the world is because of sugar and commercial development Sugar primary product of the South Atlantic system Tobacco Revolution This created a new plantation regime based on African slavery (instead of English indentured servitude) South Carolina A southern colony that was known for its much harsher condition. There were many deaths and few births because the inland swamps often bred mosquitoes that carried disease Language This trait needed to shared among the slave community in order for their to continue developing their own society in America after being taken captive Stono Rebellion (1739) Took place in SC. It was the biggest slave rebellion, and was instigated by the Spanish governor (who promised freedom for fugitive slaves)- war broke out Salutary Neglect This was experienced by the colonies under the rule of George I and George II. They relaxed their supervision of internal affairs, causing royal bureaucrats contributing significantly to the rise of self-government in North America Sir Robert Walpole A Whig leader partially responsible for creating the political system called salutary neglect Currency Act (1751) Barred New England colonies from establishing new land banks and prohibited the use of paper money to pay private debts (had to use gold/silver coins) manorial system a quasi-feudal system of landholding in the Hudson River Valley in which wealthy landlords leased out thousands of acres to tenant farmers in exchange for rent, a quarter of the value of all improvements (houses and barns) and a number of days of personal service Middle Passage The brutal sea voyage form Africa to the Americas in the 18th and 19th centuries that cost nearly a million African slaves their lives Gentility A refined style of living and elaborate manner that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families after 1600 Bills of Exchange credit slips that British manufacturers, West Indian planters, and American merchants used in the 18th century in place of currency to settle transactions probate inventory an accounting of a person's property at the time of death. They are of great value to historians. Radical Whigs 18th century faction in Parliament that protested corruption in government, the growing cost of the British Empire, and the rise of a wealthy class of government related financiers land banks an institution, established by a colonial legislature that printed paper money and lent it to farmers, taking a lien on their land to ensure payment False True or False: The Middle Colonies were a melting pot True True or False: Wealth was initially distributed more evenly in New Jersey and Pennsylvania Enlightenment emphasized power of human reasoning to understand and shape the world. True True or False: The Enlightenment appealed more to urban artisans and well-educated men and women from merchant or planter families Pietism Evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God False True or False: The Enlightenment was more popular (attracted more adherents) than the Pietism movement did True True or False:Benjamin Franklin was a deist Johnathan Edwards preacher and philosopher that restored the zeal to Congregationalist churches in New England. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God famous sermon of Johnathan Edwards Albany Congress called by the Board of Trade in June 1754 to repair British relations with the Iroquois Plan of Union Ben Franklin's proposal that included a continental assembly to manage trade, Indians policy, defense in the west, and increase British influence there Independence British were worried that unified colonies would make ________ easier for them to obtain Seven Years War name of the French and Indian War after it spread into Europe Quebec Main city of the French territory in Canada that was captured by John Wolfe during the French and Indian War Treaty of 1763 Treaty that gave British French Canada, all French territory east of the Mississippi, and Spanish Florida (marked end of the French and Indian War) Breadbasket Colonies Nickname given to PA, NY, MD, and VA because of their primary product Proclamation of 1763 This decree prohibited white settlements west of the Appalachians (but was mostly ignored) rotten boroughs tiny electoral districts for Parliament whose votes were controlled by wealthy aristocrats or merchants. In the 1760s, Radical Whig John Wilkes called for the elimination of these to make Parliament more representative of the property-owning classes vice-admiralty courts a tribunal that was presided over by a judge (no jury). It was enacted by the Sugar Act virtual representation the claim made by British politicians that the interest of the American colonists were adequately represented in Parliament by merchants who traded with the colonies and by absentee landlords (mostly sugar planters) who owned estates in the West Indies homespun Cloth spun and woven by American women. They were essential in the success of the boycott of British goods. It also allowed women to directly participate in the Patriot movement minutemen colonial militiamen who stood ready to mobilize in short notice during the imperial crisis of the 1770s. These volunteers formed the core of the citizens' army that met the British troops at Lexington and Concord in April of 1775 popular sovereignty republican principle that ultimate power resides in the hands of the electorate. It dictates that voters directly or indirectly ratify constitutions of their state and national governments. Sons of Liberty colonists (primarily middling merchants and artisans) that banded together to protest the Stamp Act and other imperial reforms of the 1760s. The group originated in Boston in 1765 but soon spread to all the colonies. Revenue Act (of 1762) tightened up the collection of trade duties which colonial merchants had previously evaded by bribing customs officials False True or False: Because their economy was down, the British government decreased the size of their tax bureaucracy Sugar Act Replaced the widely ignored Molasses Act of 1733 Stamp Act required stamps on all court documents, land titles, contracts, playing cards, newspapers, and other printed items George Grenville Imperial reformer and architect of the Stamp Act Quartering Act required all colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops stationed within their borders Stamp Act Resolves Issued set of resolutions that would protest loss of American liberties (also challenged the constitutionality of the Sugar and Stamp Act because only their elected representatives could tax them) Lawyers Group of colonists that soon took up the leadership role in the Patriot movement because of their familiarity with English common law Declaratory Act issued after the Stamp Act was repealed. It reaffirmed Parliament's full power over the colonies Townshend Act put taxes on everyday items Colonial civil list Used to pay salaries of royal governors, judges, and other imperial officials. It freed them from financial dependence on colonial assemblies (giving them more power) Revenue Act (of 1767) Created board of customs as a way to further increase imperial power. It also created vice-admiralty courts (AKA: Sugar Act) New York The colonial assembly in this colony refused to comply with the Quartering Act Restraining Act suspended the New York assembly because they ignored the Quartering Act Daughters of Liberty this group of women was crucial to the non-importation movement Tea Act This act provided financial relief for the British East India Company that was nearly bankrupt Coercive Acts Parliament enacted for laws to force MA to pay for the tea and submit to British authority (in reaction to Boston Tea Party) Port Bill Coercive Act that closed the Boston Harbor Government Act Coercive Act that annulled the MA charter and prohibited town meetings Quartering Act Coercive Act that required colony to build barracks for British troops Justice Act Coercive Act that allowed trials for capital crimes to be transferred to other colonies or the Britain Quebec Act recognizes Roman Catholicism in Quebec (and reignited religious passions in Protestant New England) Georgia The only colony that couldn't make it to the First Continental Congress because their royal governor controlled legislation True True or False: Delegates from the Middle Colonies to the First Continental Congress wanted compromise, not war False (they remained neutral, along with the Germans) True or False: Quakers sided with the American colonies during the Revolutionary War False (on British side because they hated their landowners who were Patriots) True or False: Tenants remained neutral during the American Revolution General Thomas Gage became the military governor of Massachusetts. He ordered troops in Boston to seize Patriot armories and storehouses False (First came Concord, then came Lexington) True or False: First came Concord, then came Lexington Prohibitory Act Passed by Parliament and outlawed all trade with the rebellious colonies Common Sense famous pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that encouraged Americans to fight for their independence Colonies The Scots-Irish sided with the ______ during the American Revolution for religious reasons False (attack was on German troops) True or False: On Christmas Eve, Washington led his troops across the Delaware River and led a successful attack on the British stationed at Trenton True True or False: General Howe opposed the Coercive Acts New England The British military strategy was to isolate this part of the colonies and cut it off from the other parts Battle of Saratoga Turning point of the Revolutionary War Baron von Steubon Former Prussian officer who raised self-respect and readiness of American army because he instituted strict system of drill and encouraged officers to become more professional Saratoga After the Battle of _____ the French were willing to make an alliance with the colonies during the Revolutionary War Benjamin Franklin a diplomat sent from the colonies to France to help form an alliance Sir Henry Clinton British leader in the southern colonies during the Revolutionary War Benedict Arnold biggest traitor of the American Revolution General Howe This British general wanted to attack Philadelphia, where the Continental Congress was meeting Bennington (PA) Small town that Burgoyne's troops went to to try and find food and supplies near Saratoga. They were surprised to find a group of colonists there ready to fight them Republicanism A political ideology that repudiates rule by kings and princes and celebrates a representative system of government and a virtuous, public-spirited citizenry. Pennsylvania state with the most democratic constitution after the Revolutionary War Abigail Adams woman who demanded equal rights for married women. She voiced her opinions in a famous letter to her husband, a famous Patriot New Jersey State that allowed widowed or unmarried women to vote in 1807 Robert Morris Superintendent of Finance in 1781. He pressed Congress to charter the Bank of North America Legislative the only branch of government the Articles of Confederation had Ohio River The Confederation Congress banned slavery north of the _____________ 5000 When the territory reached a population of _____ white men, they could elect their own legislative body. Until that point, Congress would appoint their governors and judges Massachusetts state where Shay's Rebellion took place Inland Pressure from western farmers prompted capitals to be moved from ports to more _____ cities Daniel Shays former captain in the Continental Army who led a full-scale revolt to protest the actions of his state government James Madison Patriot that came up with the Virginia Plan True True or False: The delegates at the Philadelphia Convention met in secret. William Paterson Came up with the New Jersey Plan Connecticut Delegates from ___________ came up with the "Great Compromise" Great Compromise the decision that the lower house would be based on population and the upper house would have two representatives regardless. Free Market a system of economic exchange in which prices are determined by supply and demand and no producer or consumer dominates the market. The term also refers to markets that are not subject to government regulation Federalists supporters of the Constitution of 1787, which created a strong central government, were called the _______ Civil Religion a term used by historians to refer to a religious-like reverence for various political institutions and ideologies. An example is the belief in "republicanism" after the American Revolution Governor Morris Delegate from NY who first brought up the topic of slavery False True or False: The pro-slavery delegates not only agreed on the continuation of the slavery, but also the continuation of the Atlantic slave trade Small the Virginia Plan was immediately opposed by ____ states Mayflower Compact Pilgrim's first attempt at an American constitution John Winthrop Led the Puritans over in 1630 and became the governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony Thomas Hooker Formed the colony of Connecticut (religious dissident from MA Bay Colony) John Rolfe Pocahontas married ______ Jesuits member of the Society of Jesus; Catholic religious order founded to combat Protestant Reformation polygamy the practice of marriage by a man to multiple wives. Used to be practiced by many African cultures and Mormons in the United States Common law Old body of English law based on custom and judicial interpretation, not legislation, and evolving case by case on the basis of precedent. chattel slavery a system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so they can be bought and sold like property freeholders property owned in its entirety, without feudal dues or landlord obligation. They have the legal right to improve, transfer, or sell their property Proprietors groups of settlers who received land grants from the General Courts of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut, mostly between 1630 and 1720. Town meeting system of local government in New England in which all male heads of households met regularly to elect selectmen, levy taxes, regulate markets/roads/schools praying towns a Native American settlement in 17th century New England supervised by a Puritan minister. Puritans used these settlements to encourage Indians to adopt English culture and Protestant Christianity Hessians German mercenaries hired to fight with the British in the American Revolution Treaty of Alliance signed between the French and the Americans. Specified that once France entered the American Revolution, neither partner would sign a peace treaty with the declaration of independence of the colonies King Phillip What the English called Metacom Visible saints In Puritan society, they were the people who did "godly deeds" and played an active role in the church False True or False: William and Mary continued the Dominion of New England despite the obvious protest of the colonists Antinomianism The idea that faith alone was needed for salvation Roger Williams Formed the Rhode Island colony. He was a religious dissident from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. John Cotton A famous minister who came from a very well-known family New England Confederation A short lived alliance between the Puritan colonies as a way to protect themselves against the Natives 8 Number of proprietors that Charles II gave the Carolinas to New York The new name for New Netherlands after it was taken over by the English True True or False: New Netherlands was very easy to take over Edict of Nantes Limited religious freedom to French Protestants Seven How man colonies showed up to the Albany Congress? 5 How many states were represented at the Annapolis Convention Direct Rule What type of rule was there in New France? Prussia Who sided with the English in the French and Indian War Half-way Covenant This was an attempt to bring the Puritan colonists back to God and more focused on the Church. It allowed people who weren't Visible Saints to be part of the congregation and worship with them Paxton Boys A group of Scots-Irish vigilantes who attacked native Americans in PA John Peter Zenger He had a famous trial in which he was accused of libel against the British government and was defended by Andrew Hamilton. He was later freed Phillis Wheatley First African American poet Benedict Arnold led the Battle of Saratoga but had to be pulled out because he was shot in the leg Benedict Arnold Biggest traitor in the American Revolution. He promised to give up West Point Treaty of Fort Stanwix The first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation (the Iroquois) True True or False: The British planned to conquer Canada, but stopped it short because the general in charge died Constitutional Convention Another name for the Philadelphia Convention False True or False: Patrick Henry was a Federalist True True or False: Federalists tended to be wealthier than Antifederalists Mestizos Mix between Natives and Europeans False True or False: Peninsulares were people born in Florida of European descent Primogeniture The tradition of passing on land to the eldest son in the family Anglican Church Another name for the Church of England The Association ... War of the Spanish Succession ... War of Austrian Succession ...