The science of biology and The chemistry of life- Chapter One and Two
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isabelcaruso on January 3, 2012
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22 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 The charactistics of life | DNA Growth/Developement Responding to environment Cells Homeostasis Metabolism Reproduction Evolve/Change over time |
| Atoms | Nuetrons, protons, electrons. An atom is the basic unit of matter |
| Elements and Isotopes | Isotopes- Atoms of the same element that differ the number of neutrons they contain All isotopes have the same chemical properties Element- A pure substance that consists nearly of one type of atom |
| Chemical Compounds | Chemical Compound- A substance formed by the chemical combination of 2 or more elements in definite proportions The physical and chemical properties of a compound are usually very different from those of the element from which it is formed |
| Ionic Bonds | When one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another Positively and negatively charged atoms are called ions |
| Covalent Bonds | When the electrons actually travel about th nuclei of both atoms The structure that results whe atoms are joined together by a covalent bond is a called a molecule... The smallest unit of most compounds |
| Hydrogen Bonding | The attraction between a hydrogen atom on one water molecule and the oxygen on another Water is a polar molecule |
| Cohension and Adhesion | Cohension- An attraction between molecules of the same substance e.g. Hydrogen Bonding Adhesion- An attraction betweenmolecules of a different substance e.g. Water and glass molecules (the "dip" in the water when in a test tube.) |
| Solutions | Mixture- A material composed of two ormore elements or comppunds that are physicallyy mixed together but not chemically combined Solution- A combination of the solute and the solvent Solute- The substance that is dissolved Solvent- The substance that dissolves the solute Water's polarity gives it the ability to dissolve both ionic compounds and other polar molecules |
| Suspensions | The movement of water molecules keeps the small particles suspended. e.g. oil and water |
| The pH Scale | Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. The scale goes from 1-14, 1 being the most acidic and 14 being the most basic. 7 is completely neutral. Most acidic- Stomach acid Most Basic- Oven Cleaner Neutral- Pure Water |
| Acids, Bases, and Buffers | Acid- Any compound that forms H+ ions in solution. Have higher concentration of H+ ions than anything below 7 on the scale Base- A compound that produced hydroxide (OH-) ions in a solution. Has low concentrations on H+ ions Buffer- Weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH Buffers dissolved in life's fluids play an important role in maintaining homeostasis in organisms. |
| The Chemistry of Carbon | Carbon can bond with many elements, including hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and nitrogen to form the molecules of life. |
| Macromolecules | Monomers- Smaller units that link together and form polymers Monomers and Polymers create macromolecules The four major groups of Macromolecules found in living things are: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins |
| Carbohydrates | Compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes. Monosaccharides- Simple sugar molecules e.g. Galactose Polysaccharides- Large macromolecules formed by monosaccharides e.g. Starch, Glycogen |
| Lipids | Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms. Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings. The term saturated fat is used when the fatty acids contain the maximum amount of hydrogen atoms. |
| Nucleic Acids | Macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Nucleotides- Monomers that consist of 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. |
| Proteins | Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells or hep to fight disease. Proteins are most diverse macromolecules The shape of a protein is maintained by: ionic and covalent bonds, and hydrogen bonds. |
| Amino Acids | Monomers of proteins that are compounds with an amino group. More than 20 different amino acids are found in nature. All amino acids are identical and can be joined together by a covalent bond bond. This allows any amino acid to be joined to any other amino acid- by bonding an amino group to a carboxyl group. Organized in a polypeptide chain |
| Chemical Reactions | A process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another. Reactants- The elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction Products- The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction Chemical reactions involve changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds |
| Energy in Reactions | Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own, or spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy. Every organism must have a source of energy to carry out chemical reactions. Activation Energy- The energy that is needed to get a reaction started |
| Enzymes | Are proteins that act as biological catalyst Catalyst- A substance that speeds up chemical reactions Substrates- The reactants of enzyme reactions Enzyme is like a lock and key with its substrate. Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of enzymes |
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