Ch. 23
Order by
25 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 "waving the bloody shirt" | term used to express the Republicans revival of gory memories of the Civil War in order to stir up enthusiasm for Grant *became a prominent feature of a presidential campaign *helped Grant win against Seymour in the electoral votes |
| Tweed Ring | symbol of Gilded Age corruption; "Boss" Tweed and his deputies ran the NYC Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200million through bribery, graft, and vote-buying *displayed the typical ethics of the early age00000000000 |
| Credit Mobilier scandal | a scandal that erupted when journalists discovered that the Credit Mobilier Company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow their operation of building railroads and highly inflated prices for profit to continue *led to the censure of 2 congressmen and the revelation that the VP had accepted bribes |
| panic of 1873 | a worldwide depression that began in the U.S. when the nation's largest banks began declaring bankruptcy; led to the collapse of thousands of businesses and banks and intensified with the demands of investors to inflate paper money *15k+ American businesses went bankrupt *black depositors lost their savings and economic development and black confidence in savings institutions diminished *debtors are hit the hardest and clamor for inflationary policies |
| Gilded Age | nickname for the period of 1865-1896, created by Mark Twain to indicate the wealth and widespread corruption *the government looked good on a national scale but in reality faced great corruption |
| patronage | prevalent system during the Gilded Age where political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day *served as both an essential foundation of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republicans *disbursed numerous jobs in return for votes, kickbacks, and party service |
| Compromise of 1877 | finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction; Rutherford B. Hayes agrees to withdraw the remnant of the federal troops from the Confederate states *the deal effectively completed the South's return to white-only, Democratic electoral politics *set up an electoral commission of 15 men from the Senate, House, and Supreme Court |
| Civil Rights Act of 1875 | the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection; provided no means of enforcement and was ineffective; Supreme Court would later declare most of the act unconstitutional |
| sharecropping | agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land from a plantation owner in exchange for a certain "share" of the annual crop; landowners manipulated the system to keep tenants in eternal debt *served as the dominant form of southern agriculture post-Civil War |
| Jim Crow | system of racial segregation in the American South from the end of reconstruction until the mid 20th century; sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and transportation; based off the idea of "separate but equal" *part of the white South's attempt to ensure full scale handicap of the South's freedmen |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws; stated that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the 14th amendment *the quality of African American life was drastically worsened *a record number of blacks are lynched for defying the rules established after the case |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | federal legislation that prohibited further Chinese immigration to the U.S. in 1822 *first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history *causes exclusionists to push further to strip native-born Chinese Americans of their citizenships |
| Pendleton Act | Congressional legislation that established the Civil Service Commission, which granted federal government jobs on the basis of examinations rather than political patronage; reigned in the spoils system *made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal |
| Homestead Strike | strike at a Carnegie steel plant in Homestead, PA, that ended in an armed battle between the strikers; 300 armed "Pinkerton" detectives and federal troops killed 10 people and wounded 60 others *the strike was part of a nationwide wave of labor unrest in the summer of 1892 *helped the Populists gain some support from industrial workers |
| grandfather clause | a regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements anyone who could prove that their ancestors had been able to vote in 1860 *since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks *accompanied by more severe Jim Crow laws |
| Jay Gould | an American financier that was partnered with James Fisk in tampering with the railroad stocks for personal profit; *contributed to the plunging of gold prices and the demise of other businesses *convinced president Grant into bad financial proclamations |
| Horace Greeley | nominated for presidency by the Liberal Republicans; pleased the Democrats when he pleaded for peace; disrespected by regular Republicans; was an American editor of a leading newspaper and a founder of the Republican party; lost in election of 1872 |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th president of the U.S.; famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election, in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states; his election is considered the most corrupt *oversaw the end of Reconstruction and the United States' entry into the Second Industrial Revolution *reformer who began the efforts that would lead to civil service reform *unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile the divisions that led to the Civil War |
| James A. Garfield | the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration; his assassination led to the Pendleton Act *his death shocked politicians into reforming the spoils system |
| Chester Arthur | 21st president of the U.S., he was a Republican that took office after the assassination of Garfield; revitalized the US Navy and led the charge of civil service reform *he signed the Pendleton Act into law, and enforced its provisions |
| Grover Cleveland | 22nd and 24th president, Democrat; man of principles who advocated laissez-faire; pleased business people; narrowed the North-South chasm by naming two former Confederates to his cabinet *achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform |
| Thomas B. Reed | sarcastic speaker of the house under the Republicans who counted democrats that refused to answer roll-call; dominated "billion dollar congress" *influenced the passing of the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890- |
| Tom Watson | Elected to the U.S congress; he was a Populist leader who supported interracial unity and reached out to the black community, but later turned to a more radical view |
| William Jennings Bryan | a young Democratic Congressman who championed the cause of free silver; *led Cleveland to alienate the Democratic silverites like Bryan and disrupt his party in the outset of his administration |
| J.P. Morgan | Business man who refinanced railroads during depression of 1893; built intersystem alliance by buying stock in competeing railroads; head of Wall Street syndicate *president Cleveland turned to him in desperation to get financial aid from the banks |
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