HOLE'S Human Anatomy and Physiology
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55 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 endocrine system | cells, tissues, and organs comprise of it |
| endocrine | means "internal secretion" |
| hormones | diffuse from the interstitial fluid into bloodstream |
| paracrine secretions | enter interstitial fluid by affecting neighboring cells (1st local hormone,) |
| autocrine secretions | enter interstitial fluid by affecting secreting cells (2nd local hormone) |
| exocrine glands | enter ducts that lead to body surfaces (stomach acid and sweat) |
| steroids | lipids that include complex rings of carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| amines | norepinephrine and epinephrine (derived from amino acid tyrosine) |
| protein | composed of long chains of amino acids |
| glycoprotein | consist of proteins joined to carbohydrates |
| peptide | short chains of amino acids |
| prostaglandins | paracrine substances that are lipids |
| aldosterone | to stimulate the kidney to retain sodium |
| cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | binds to its receptor to active protein called G protein |
| G protein | activates enzyme called adenylate cyclase |
| adenylate cyclase | intergral protein with active sites facing the inside of the cell |
| protein kinases | transfers phosphate from ATP molecule to protein substate molecules |
| tropic hormones | stimulate other endocrine glands t orelease hormones |
| pituitary gland | attached to the hypothalamus |
| anterior lobe hormones | GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH |
| growth hormone | somatotropin (STH) protein that stimulates cells to enlarge and divide |
| prolactin | (PRL) protein that promotes milk production |
| thyroid stimulating hormone | (TSH) controls secretion of certain hormones from the thyroid gland |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone | (ACTH) peptide that controls the manufacture and secrion of adrenal gland |
| follicle-stimulating hormone in males | (FSH) stimulates the production of sperm cells |
| follicle stimulating hormone in females | (FSH) growth and development of egg cells |
| luteinizing hormone | (LH) promotes secretion of sex hormones in both males and females; essential for release of eggs cells from the ovaries |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone | (TRH) releasing hormone from thyroid stimulating hormone |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone | (CRH) releasing hormone from adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone | (GnRH) reproductive organs; secreted during purberty; releasing hormone from follicle stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone |
| posterior lobe hormones | ADH, OT |
| antidiuretic hormone | (ADH) caues kidney to reduce water excretion; in high concentration, raises blood pressure |
| oxytocin | (OT) contracts muscles in uterine wall and associated with milk-secreting glands |
| thyroid gland | two lateral lobes that are connected by the isthmus |
| thyroid | below the laryx; removes iodine from blood |
| calcitonin | lowers blood calcium and phosphate ion concentrations by inhibiting release of calcum and phosphate ions from bones; increases excretion of calcium by the kidneys |
| parathyroid glands | surface of the thyroid gland (4 of them) |
| parathyroid hormone | (PTH) increases blood calcium ion concentration and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration |
| adrenal glands | sit atop each kidney (adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex) |
| adrenal medulla | consist of irregular shaped cells grounded around blood vessels |
| hormones of the adrenal medulla | epinephrine and norepenephrine |
| epinephrine and norepenephrine | catecholamine; adrenalin |
| adrenal cortex | make up the bulk of the adrenal gland |
| aldosterone | called mineralcorticoid; regulates concentration of mineral electrolytes |
| hotmones of the adrenal cortex | aldosterone, cortisol, and sex hormones |
| cortisol | affects glucose metabolism |
| sex hormones | males = adrenal adrogens female = estrogens |
| pancreas | dual fuction of the exocrine gland; behind the stomach and attachrd to the duodenum |
| pancreatic islets | alpha, beta, and delta cells |
| glucagon | alpha cells; protein that stimulates the liver to break down glycogen into glucose |
| insulin | beta cells; protein that stimualtes the liver to form glycogen from glucose |
| somatostatin | delta cells' regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting glucagon and insulin |
| pineal gland | deep between the cerebral hemispheres; melatonin |
| melatonin | sleep patterns that vary patternms of light and dark outside the body |
| stress | results from changes in the external environment |
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